Combined Toxicity of Cannabidiol Oil with Three Bio-Pesticides against Adults of Sitophilus Zeamais, Rhyzopertha Dominica, Prostephanus Truncatus and Trogoderma Granarium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Rearing
2.2. Bioassay
2.3. Mathematical Estimation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Insect | Concentration (ppm) | Mortality | Median Survival Time (Days) * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBD Oil | Azatin | Helicovex | Madex | (%) | Sd | Estimate | Sd | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||||
S. zeamais | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2.00 | 27.160a | 0.510 | 26.160 | 28.160 |
500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38bA | 3.90 | 22.260b | 1.251 | 19.809 | 24.711 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54dA | 1.40 | 21.140b | 1.184 | 18.819 | 23.461 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70eA | 10.0 | 17.920c | 1.274 | 15.424 | 20.416 | |
0 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 46cA | 1.40 | 23.800b | 0.950 | 21.939 | 25.661 | |
0 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 16aA | 3.90 | 26.180a | 0.787 | 24.638 | 27.722 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 18aA | 3.40 | 26.180a | 0.690 | 24.827 | 27.533 | |
R. dominica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2.00 | 27.300a | 0.4 | 26.500 | 28.100 |
500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44bA | 5.20 | 21.280b | 1.266 | 18.798 | 23.762 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60cA | 2.20 | 20.720b | 1.155 | 18.455 | 22.985 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84dA | 5.50 | 15.380c | 1.228 | 13.272 | 18.088 | |
0 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 44bA | 1.40 | 23.240b | 1.062 | 21.159 | 25.321 | |
0 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 20aA | 5.10 | 25.480b | 0.904 | 23.708 | 27.252 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 22aA | 4.50 | 25.620b | 0.794 | 24.064 | 27.176 | |
P. truncatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 3.00 | 27.020a | 0.560 | 25.922 | 28.118 |
500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48bA | 3.50 | 21.140b | 1.183 | 18.821 | 23.459 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58bA | 4.80 | 20.720b | 1.262 | 18.246 | 23.194 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80cA | 10.0 | 15.920c | 1.229 | 13.871 | 18.689 | |
0 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 50bA | 4.20 | 22.960b | 1.093 | 20.817 | 25.103 | |
0 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 20aA | 7.10 | 25.200a | 0.979 | 23.281 | 27.119 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 20aA | 7.10 | 26.180a | 0.722 | 24.766 | 27.594 | |
T. granarium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2.00 | 27.020a | 0.626 | 25.792 | 28.248 |
500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44aA | 5.20 | 21.700b | 1.253 | 19.244 | 24.156 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54bA | 2.20 | 20.700b | 1.163 | 18.420 | 22.980 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 62cA | 2.30 | 19.600c | 1.224 | 17.201 | 21.999 | |
0 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 38aA | 4.50 | 23.800b | 0.953 | 21.933 | 25.667 | |
0 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 20aA | 7.10 | 25.620a | 0.876 | 23.903 | 27.337 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 24aA | 5.50 | 26.740a | 0.537 | 25.687 | 27.793 |
Insect | Combined Concentration (ppm) | Mortality | Median Survival Time (Days) * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBD Oil | Azatin | Helicovex | Madex | (%) | Sd | Estimate | Sd | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||||
S. zeamais | 500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 36aA | 4.90 | 25.060a | 0.793 | 23.506 | 26.614 |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 68cA | 1.98 | 20.440b | 1.041 | 18.399 | 22.481 | |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 84dA | 3.48 | 15.400c | 1.235 | 12.979 | 17.821 | |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 30aA | 5.00 | 24.360a | 1.009 | 22.382 | 26.338 | |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 46bA | 5.48 | 23.080a | 0.953 | 21.212 | 24.948 | |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 62cA | 1.37 | 21.000b | 1.156 | 18.734 | 23.266 | |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 18aA | 4.37 | 25.900a | 0.727 | 24.475 | 27.325 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 22aA | 3.04 | 25.060a | 0.954 | 23.191 | 26.929 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 40aA | 1.07 | 22.960b | 1.095 | 20.814 | 25.106 | |
R dominica | 500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 50bA | 10.0 | 22.680a | 1.020 | 20.681 | 24.679 |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 80dA | 5.80 | 18.060a | 1.081 | 15.941 | 20.179 | |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 90eB | 1.07 | 14.140b | 1.176 | 11.835 | 16.445 | |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 40bA | 5.80 | 23.380a | 1.087 | 21.250 | 25.510 | |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 60cA | 2.25 | 22.260a | 1.079 | 20.145 | 24.375 | |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 70cA | 1.07 | 19.880a | 1.195 | 17.539 | 22.221 | |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 32aB | 4.40 | 23.520a | 1.072 | 21.419 | 25.621 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 42bB | 2.30 | 22.820a | 1.089 | 20.686 | 24.954 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 60cB | 4.14 | 21.000a | 1.174 | 18.699 | 23.301 | |
P. truncatus | 500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 44dA | 2.37 | 23.520a | 1.008 | 21.544 | 25.496 |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 74fA | 5.17 | 19.320a | 1.072 | 17.218 | 21.422 | |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 94gB | 5.40 | 13.300b | 1.119 | 11.107 | 15.493 | |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 38cA | 2.37 | 23.520a | 1.072 | 21.419 | 25.621 | |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 54eB | 1.40 | 22.960a | 1.049 | 20.904 | 25.016 | |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 70fA | 3.07 | 26.765a | 1.198 | 24.416 | 29.114 | |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 26aB | 1.40 | 24.220a | 1.055 | 22.152 | 26.288 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 30bC | 2.25 | 24.220a | 1.029 | 22.203 | 26.237 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 52eC | 3.04 | 21.000a | 1.177 | 18.692 | 23.308 | |
T. granarium | 500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 50bA | 1.07 | 22.680a | 1.061 | 20.601 | 24.759 |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 56bB | 2.94 | 21.420a | 1.183 | 19.102 | 23.738 | |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 62cC | 2.37 | 20.580a | 1.213 | 18.203 | 22.957 | |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 46aA | 3.48 | 22.820a | 1.105 | 20.654 | 24.986 | |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 54bA | 3.40 | 22.260a | 1.136 | 20.034 | 24.486 | |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 68cA | 2.37 | 20.440a | 1.220 | 18.049 | 22.831 | |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 38aB | 5.95 | 23.660a | 1.074 | 21.554 | 25.766 | |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 48aD | 3.37 | 23.52a0 | 1.006 | 21.548 | 25.492 | |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 54bC | 3.48 | 22.680a | 1.059 | 20.604 | 24.756 |
Combined Concentration (ppm) | Mortality (%) | χ2 (1 df; p = 0.05) | Interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBD Oil | Azatin | Helicovex | Madex | Observed | Expected * | ||
S. zeamais | |||||||
500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 68 | 24.53 | C |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 76 | 14.33 | C |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 84 | 0.023 | A |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 30 | 51 | 8.864 | C |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 46 | 64 | 7.512 | C |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 62 | 76 | 6.224 | C |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 18 | 52 | 23.452 | C |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 22 | 64 | 39.543 | C |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 40 | 76 | 38.247 | C |
R dominica | |||||||
500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 70 | 10.129 | C |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 78 | 0.033 | A |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 91 | 0.161 | A |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 40 | 57 | 6.562 | C |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 60 | 69 | 2.339 | A |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 70 | 87 | 15.251 | C |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 32 | 58 | 14.995 | C |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 42 | 70 | 19.831 | C |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 60 | 88 | 38.586 | C |
P. truncatus | |||||||
500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 75 | 26.968 | C |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 80 | 1.236 | A |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 90 | 0.678 | A |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 38 | 60 | 11.007 | C |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 54 | 68 | 4.808 | C |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 70 | 84 | 8.757 | C |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 26 | 60 | 25.568 | C |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 30 | 68 | 34.148 | C |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 52 | 85 | 42.509 | C |
T. granarium | |||||||
500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 68 | 7.499 | C |
1500 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 73 | 8.150 | C |
3000 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 62 | 78 | 3.139 | A |
500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 46 | 58 | 3.372 | A |
1500 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 54 | 66 | 3.292 | A |
3000 | 0 | 1500 | 0 | 68 | 72 | 0.403 | A |
500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 38 | 60 | 10.952 | C |
1500 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 48 | 67 | 9.017 | C |
3000 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 54 | 73 | 9.675 | C |
Variables in the Equation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combined Concentration (ppm) | B † | Sd | Sig. | Exp (B) †† | 95.0% CI for Exp (B) | |
Lower | Upper | |||||
CBD 500–Madex 1500 | −0.354 | 0.167 | 0.034 | 0.702 | 0.506 | 0.973 |
CBD 1500–Madex 1500 | −0.217 | 0.160 | 0.176 | 0.805 | 0.588 | 1.102 |
CBD 3000–Madex 1500 | 0.254 | 0.146 | 0.082 | 1.289 | 0.968 | 1.716 |
CBD 500–Helicovex 1500 | −0.113 | 0.157 | 0.471 | 0.893 | 0.657 | 1.215 |
CBD 1500–Helicovex 1500 | 0.235 | 0.145 | 0.106 | 1.265 | 0.951 | 1.681 |
CBD 3000–Helicovex 1500 | 0.593 | 0.138 | 0.000 | 1.810 | 1.381 | 2.373 |
CBD 500–Azatin 1500 | 0.055 | 0.150 | 0.713 | 1.057 | 0.787 | 1.419 |
CBD 1500–Azatin 1500 | 0.670 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 1.955 | 1.495 | 2.556 |
CBD 3000–Azatin 1500 | 1.088 | 0.133 | 0.000 | 2.969 | 2.288 | 3.853 |
Separately Concentration (ppm) | ||||||
CBD 500 | 0.082 | 0.153 | 0.007 | 1.085 | 0.804 | 1.465 |
CBD 1500 | 0.396 | 0.143 | 0.000 | 1.485 | 1.123 | 1.964 |
CBD 3000 | 0.858 | 0.136 | 0.000 | 2.359 | 1.807 | 3.080 |
Control | −1.964 | 0.288 | 0.830 | 0.140 | 0.080 | 0.247 |
Helicovex 1500 | −0.906 | 0.195 | 0.410 | 0.404 | 0.276 | 0.592 |
Madex 1500 | −0.928 | 0.215 | 0.592 | 0.396 | 0.259 | 0.603 |
Azatin 1500 | −0.879 | 0.191 | 0.315 | 0.415 | 0.285 | 0.604 |
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Mantzoukas, S.; Kalyvas, N.; Ntoukas, A.; Lagogiannis, I.; Farsalinos, K.; Eliopoulos, P.A.; Poulas, K. Combined Toxicity of Cannabidiol Oil with Three Bio-Pesticides against Adults of Sitophilus Zeamais, Rhyzopertha Dominica, Prostephanus Truncatus and Trogoderma Granarium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186664
Mantzoukas S, Kalyvas N, Ntoukas A, Lagogiannis I, Farsalinos K, Eliopoulos PA, Poulas K. Combined Toxicity of Cannabidiol Oil with Three Bio-Pesticides against Adults of Sitophilus Zeamais, Rhyzopertha Dominica, Prostephanus Truncatus and Trogoderma Granarium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186664
Chicago/Turabian StyleMantzoukas, Spiridon, Nikolaos Kalyvas, Aristeidis Ntoukas, Ioannis Lagogiannis, Konstantinos Farsalinos, Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos, and Konstantinos Poulas. 2020. "Combined Toxicity of Cannabidiol Oil with Three Bio-Pesticides against Adults of Sitophilus Zeamais, Rhyzopertha Dominica, Prostephanus Truncatus and Trogoderma Granarium" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186664