Figure 1.
The dynamic clothing insulation of three types of clothing: (a) NC, (b) SC, (c) LC, calculated by three correction algorithms of ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and Lu, with empty spots for va = 0.5 m/s, partially filled for the va = 1 m/s, and fully filled for the va = 3 m/s. * p < 0.05.
Figure 1.
The dynamic clothing insulation of three types of clothing: (a) NC, (b) SC, (c) LC, calculated by three correction algorithms of ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and Lu, with empty spots for va = 0.5 m/s, partially filled for the va = 1 m/s, and fully filled for the va = 3 m/s. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2.
The dynamic evaporative resistance of three types of clothing calculated by two correction algorithms, ISO 7933 and ISO 9920, with empty spots for va = 0.5 m/s, partially filled for va = 1 m/s, and fully filled for va = 3 m/s. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2.
The dynamic evaporative resistance of three types of clothing calculated by two correction algorithms, ISO 7933 and ISO 9920, with empty spots for va = 0.5 m/s, partially filled for va = 1 m/s, and fully filled for va = 3 m/s. * p < 0.05.
Figure 3.
Time-course changes in the rectal temperature for NC. Experiment—the mean rectal temperature observed in participants, ISO7933—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933, ISO7933-vw—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933 on adding the walking speed input parameter, ISO9920—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 9920, ISO9920-vw—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 9920 on adding the walking speed input parameter.(a) clothing insulation 0.63 clo in 20 °C; (b) clothing insulation 0.63 clo in 40 °C; (c) clothing insulation 1.08 clo in 20 °C; (d) clothing insulation 1.08 clo in 40 °C; (e) clothing insulation 1.11 clo in 20 °C; (f) clothing insulation 1.11 clo in 30 °C.
Figure 3.
Time-course changes in the rectal temperature for NC. Experiment—the mean rectal temperature observed in participants, ISO7933—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933, ISO7933-vw—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933 on adding the walking speed input parameter, ISO9920—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 9920, ISO9920-vw—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of ISO 9920 on adding the walking speed input parameter.(a) clothing insulation 0.63 clo in 20 °C; (b) clothing insulation 0.63 clo in 40 °C; (c) clothing insulation 1.08 clo in 20 °C; (d) clothing insulation 1.08 clo in 40 °C; (e) clothing insulation 1.11 clo in 20 °C; (f) clothing insulation 1.11 clo in 30 °C.
Figure 4.
Time-course changes in the rectal temperature for SC. (a) clothing insulation 2.01 clo in 30 °C; (b) clothing insulation 2.01 clo in 40 °C.
Figure 4.
Time-course changes in the rectal temperature for SC. (a) clothing insulation 2.01 clo in 30 °C; (b) clothing insulation 2.01 clo in 40 °C.
Figure 5.
Time-course changes in the rectal temperature for the LC. Lu—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of Lu. Lu-vw—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of Lu on adding the walking speed input parameter.
Figure 5.
Time-course changes in the rectal temperature for the LC. Lu—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of Lu. Lu-vw—the rectal temperature predicted by the PHS model with the clothing correction algorithm of Lu on adding the walking speed input parameter.
Figure 6.
The water loss for three types of clothing observed on participants (Experiment) and calculated by the PHS model with clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and Lu on adding the walking speed input parameter (ISO7933-vw, ISO9920-vw, Lu-vw).
Figure 6.
The water loss for three types of clothing observed on participants (Experiment) and calculated by the PHS model with clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and Lu on adding the walking speed input parameter (ISO7933-vw, ISO9920-vw, Lu-vw).
Table 1.
Calculation of Corr,tot, Corr,a coefficient of normal clothing (NC) according to ISO 7933 and ISO 9920. Relative velocity: var, walking speed: vw.
Table 1.
Calculation of Corr,tot, Corr,a coefficient of normal clothing (NC) according to ISO 7933 and ISO 9920. Relative velocity: var, walking speed: vw.
| ISO 7933 | ISO 9920 |
---|
Corr,tot | | |
Corr,a | | |
Ranges | 0 ≤ var ≤ 3 m/s, 0 ≤ vw ≤ 1.5 m/s | 0.15 ≤ var ≤ 3.5 m/s, 0 ≤ vw ≤ 1.2 m/s |
Table 2.
Calculation of Corr,tot coefficient of specialized, insulating, cold weather clothing (SC) according to ISO 9920. Air permeability of clothing: pr.
Table 2.
Calculation of Corr,tot coefficient of specialized, insulating, cold weather clothing (SC) according to ISO 9920. Air permeability of clothing: pr.
| ISO 9920 |
---|
Corr,tot | |
Ranges | 0.4 ≤ var ≤ 18 m/s, 0 ≤ vw ≤ 1.2 m/s, 1 ≤ pr ≤ 1000 L/m2s |
Table 3.
Comparison of different approaches and different equations of light clothing (LC) according to ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and the study of Lu.
Table 3.
Comparison of different approaches and different equations of light clothing (LC) according to ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and the study of Lu.
Approach | Algorithm | Equation | Range |
---|
Coefficient | ISO 7933 | | 0 ≤ var ≤ 3 m/s |
0 ≤ vw ≤ 1.5 m/s |
Interpolation | ISO 9920 | | 0 ≤ var ≤ 3 m/s |
0 ≤ vw ≤ 1.5 m/s |
Coefficient | Lu | | 0.15 ≤ var ≤ 5.2 m/s |
0 ≤ vw ≤ 1.2 m/s |
Table 4.
Calculation of the dynamic evaporative resistance according to ISO 7933 and ISO 9920. Permeability index: imt, static evaporative resistance: Rt.
Table 4.
Calculation of the dynamic evaporative resistance according to ISO 7933 and ISO 9920. Permeability index: imt, static evaporative resistance: Rt.
Algorithm | Equation |
---|
ISO 7933 |
|
ISO 9920 | |
Table 5.
The input parameters of the PHS model for predicted rectal temperature, water loss, and maximum exposure time.
Table 5.
The input parameters of the PHS model for predicted rectal temperature, water loss, and maximum exposure time.
Clothing Type | Icl | Rcl | imt | Ta | Pw | va | vw | Met | Time |
---|
(clo) | (m2·kPa/W2) | (nd) | (°C) | (kPa) | (m/s) | (m/s) | (W/m2) | (min) |
---|
LC | 0.48 | 0.0198 | 0.49 | 30 | 2.0 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 163 | 70 |
NC-1 | 0.63 | 0.0257 | 0.43 | 20 | 2.0 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 169 | 70 |
NC-2 | 0.63 | 0.0257 | 0.43 | 40 | 2.2 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 171 | 70 |
NC-3 | 1.08 | 0.0421 | 0.36 | 20 | 2.0 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 163 | 70 |
NC-4 | 1.08 | 0.0421 | 0.37 | 40 | 3.3 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 155 | 70 |
NC-5 | 1.11 | 0.0745 | 0.21 | 20 | 2.0 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 167 | 70 |
NC-6 | 1.11 | 0.0745 | 0.21 | 30 | 2.0 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 175 | 70 |
SC-1 | 2.01 | 0.1224 | 0.2 | 30 | 2.0 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 190 | 70 |
SC-2 | 2.01 | 0.1224 | 0.2 | 40 | 2.2 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 190 | 70 |
Table 6.
The maximum exposure time for three types of clothing observed on participants (Experiment) and calculated by the PHS model with clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and Lu on adding the walking speed input parameter (ISO7933-vw).
Table 6.
The maximum exposure time for three types of clothing observed on participants (Experiment) and calculated by the PHS model with clothing correction algorithm of ISO 7933, ISO 9920, and Lu on adding the walking speed input parameter (ISO7933-vw).
Time | NC-4 | SC-2 | LC |
---|
Experiment | ISO 7933 | ISO7933-vw | ISO 9920 | ISO9920-vw | Experiment | ISO 7933 | ISO7933-vw | ISO 9920 | ISO9920-vw | Experiment | ISO 7933 | ISO7933-vw | ISO 9920 | ISO9920-vw | Lu | Lu-vw |
---|
Dlimtre 1 | 50 | 40 | 70 | 35 | 52 | 45 | 25 | 37 | 23 | 24 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Dlimloss95 2 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Maximum time | 50 | 40 | 70 | 35 | 52 | 45 | 25 | 37 | 23 | 24 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 |