Nutrition Labeling Usage Influences Blood Markers in Body-Size Self-Conscious Individuals: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Outcome Variables
Levels of HDL-C and TG
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.2.3. Body-Size Perception
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Study Population | Male | Female | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Active use of nutrition labeling | ||||||
Check and make dependent purchase decisions | 4308 | 26.04 | 1052 | 16.81 | 3256 | 35.06 |
Not actively using | 12,311 | 73.96 | 6075 | 83.19 | 6236 | 64.94 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 7127 | 49.45 | 7127 | 100.00 | ||
Female | 9492 | 50.55 | 9492 | 100.00 | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
<20 | 264 | 1.94 | 140 | 2.13 | 124 | 1.76 |
<30 | 2735 | 22.67 | 1211 | 24.13 | 1524 | 21.24 |
<40 | 4058 | 25.42 | 1591 | 24.45 | 2467 | 26.36 |
<50 | 4024 | 24.02 | 1505 | 21.85 | 2519 | 26.15 |
<60 | 2942 | 16.34 | 1233 | 16.40 | 1709 | 16.29 |
<70 | 1669 | 6.52 | 874 | 7.28 | 795 | 5.77 |
70+ | 927 | 3.09 | 573 | 3.77 | 354 | 2.42 |
Educational level | ||||||
High school or below | 7294 | 39.25 | 2958 | 35.67 | 4336 | 42.75 |
Bachelor’s degree | 8325 | 54.58 | 3668 | 57.21 | 4657 | 52.01 |
Master’s degree and above | 1000 | 6.17 | 501 | 7.12 | 499 | 5.24 |
Economic status | ||||||
Employed | 5556 | 31.87 | 1587 | 21.38 | 3969 | 42.12 |
Unemployed | 11,063 | 68.13 | 5540 | 78.62 | 5523 | 57.88 |
Household income | ||||||
Low | 3844 | 24.05 | 1638 | 23.76 | 2206 | 24.33 |
Mid-low | 4200 | 25.43 | 1819 | 25.95 | 2381 | 24.91 |
Mid-high | 4282 | 25.48 | 1848 | 25.42 | 2434 | 25.54 |
High | 4293 | 25.04 | 1822 | 24.87 | 2471 | 25.21 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 3776 | 29.69 | 1941 | 35.32 | 1835 | 24.19 |
Separated/divorced/bereavement | 1261 | 5.93 | 346 | 3.86 | 915 | 7.95 |
Married | 11,582 | 64.38 | 4840 | 60.83 | 6742 | 67.86 |
Residence Area | ||||||
Metropolitan | 9960 | 60.29 | 4178 | 59.11 | 5782 | 61.45 |
Others | 6659 | 39.71 | 2949 | 40.89 | 3710 | 38.55 |
Perceived health status | ||||||
Good | 14,484 | 87.43 | 6341 | 89.09 | 8143 | 85.80 |
Bad | 2135 | 12.58 | 786 | 10.91 | 1349 | 14.20 |
Stress awareness | ||||||
High | 4524 | 28.36 | 1762 | 26.24 | 2762 | 30.43 |
Low | 12,095 | 71.64 | 5365 | 73.76 | 6730 | 69.57 |
Alcohol intake | ||||||
Less than 1 time per month | 6176 | 34.18 | 1739 | 23.41 | 4437 | 44.72 |
1–3 times per week | 9402 | 59.6 | 4605 | 66.83 | 4797 | 52.53 |
More than 4 times per week | 1041 | 6.21 | 783 | 9.76 | 258 | 2.75 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Smoker | 3305 | 23.16 | 2743 | 40.03 | 562 | 6.64 |
Ex-smoker | 3256 | 19.77 | 2607 | 32.76 | 649 | 7.06 |
Non-smoker | 10,058 | 57.08 | 1777 | 27.21 | 8281 | 86.30 |
Aerobic exercise habits | ||||||
Yes | 7539 | 48.34 | 3432 | 48.56 | 4107 | 45.31 |
No | 9080 | 51.66 | 3695 | 51.44 | 5385 | 54.69 |
Walking for more than 10 min | ||||||
Few | 2515 | 14.27 | 1157 | 15.24 | 1358 | 13.32 |
1–4 days per week | 5133 | 30.18 | 2109 | 28.97 | 3024 | 31.36 |
5–7 days per week | 8971 | 55.55 | 3861 | 55.80 | 5110 | 55.31 |
Frequency of eat out | ||||||
More than 4 times per week | 9762 | 63.83 | 5111 | 76.38 | 4841 | 48.45 |
Less than 3 times per week | 6857 | 36.17 | 2016 | 23.62 | 4651 | 51.55 |
Family history of hyperlipidemia | ||||||
Yes | 1158 | 7.01 | 368 | 5.63 | 790 | 8.36 |
No | 15,461 | 92.99 | 6759 | 94.37 | 8702 | 91.64 |
Year | ||||||
2013 | 2715 | 15.94 | 1173 | 16.18 | 1542 | 15.69 |
2014 | 2491 | 15.57 | 1034 | 15.53 | 1457 | 15.60 |
2015 | 2564 | 16.52 | 1126 | 16.54 | 1438 | 16.49 |
2016 | 2854 | 16.55 | 1177 | 16.17 | 1677 | 16.94 |
2017 | 2917 | 17.17 | 1263 | 16.94 | 1654 | 17.39 |
2018 | 3078 | 18.25 | 1354 | 18.64 | 1724 | 17.88 |
Body-size perception | ||||||
Misperception (over) | 3051 | 18.53 | 1822 | 24.30 | 824 | 8.07 |
Misperception (under) | 2646 | 15.11 | 613 | 9.11 | 2438 | 26.53 |
Healthy perception | 10,922 | 66.36 | 4692 | 66.60 | 6230 | 65.40 |
Total | 16,619 | 100.00 | 7127 | 100.00 | 9492 | 100.00 |
Variables | Study Population | Male | Female | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.45 | 0.03 | 24.28 | 0.05 | 22.64 | 0.05 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2145.85 | 9.88 | 2508.22 | 15.48 | 1791.34 | 8.76 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 191.20 | 0.33 | 192.14 | 0.47 | 190.29 | 0.41 |
Variables | N | HDL-C (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | ||
Active use of nutrition labelling | |||||||
Check and make dependent purchase decisions | 4308 | 54.42 | 0.23 | 0.2282 | 110.61 | 1.46 | 0.0653 |
Not actively using | 12,311 | 51.69 | 0.14 | 131.78 | 1.24 | ||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 7127 | 48.10 | 0.15 | <0.0001 | 153.40 | 1.75 | <0.0001 |
Female | 9492 | 56.61 | 0.16 | 99.72 | 0.81 | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
<20 | 264 | 54.61 | 0.77 | 0.0008 | 91.28 | 3.78 | <0.0001 |
<30 | 2735 | 54.01 | 0.27 | 103.38 | 1.64 | ||
<40 | 4058 | 52.85 | 0.21 | 127.28 | 2.05 | ||
<50 | 4024 | 52.10 | 0.23 | 137.11 | 2.40 | ||
<60 | 2942 | 51.42 | 0.27 | 141.76 | 2.27 | ||
<70 | 1669 | 49.81 | 0.34 | 134.75 | 2.56 | ||
70+ | 927 | 48.59 | 0.45 | 123.65 | 2.92 | ||
Educational level | |||||||
High school or below | 7294 | 51.68 | 0.17 | 0.1423 | 135.84 | 1.60 | 0.0002 |
Bachelor’s degree | 8325 | 52.99 | 0.17 | 119.16 | 1.32 | ||
Master’s degree and above | 1000 | 51.84 | 0.47 | 128.23 | 3.88 | ||
Economic status | |||||||
Employed | 5556 | 53.73 | 0.21 | 0.9016 | 114.36 | 1.38 | 0.0586 |
Unemployed | 11,063 | 51.78 | 0.14 | 131.84 | 1.32 | ||
Household income | |||||||
Low | 3844 | 51.92 | 0.23 | 0.0319 | 130.64 | 2.10 | 0.0847 |
Mid-low | 4200 | 52.04 | 0.23 | 129.12 | 2.05 | ||
Mid-high | 4282 | 52.42 | 0.22 | 125.16 | 1.81 | ||
High | 4293 | 53.21 | 0.24 | 120.30 | 1.83 | ||
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 3776 | 53.54 | 0.24 | <0.0001 | 113.39 | 1.87 | 0.0087 |
Separated/divorced/bereavement | 1261 | 51.87 | 0.41 | 140.73 | 4.18 | ||
Married | 11,582 | 51.93 | 0.13 | 130.87 | 1.15 | ||
Residence Area | |||||||
Metropolitan | 9960 | 52.64 | 0.15 | 0.5638 | 123.02 | 1.24 | 0.1663 |
Others | 6659 | 52.05 | 0.20 | 131.20 | 1.69 | ||
Perceived health status | |||||||
Good | 14,484 | 52.55 | 0.13 | 0.0004 | 125.39 | 1.05 | 0.146 |
Bad | 2135 | 51.42 | 0.30 | 132.35 | 2.88 | ||
Stress awareness | |||||||
High | 4524 | 52.32 | 0.22 | 0.0138 | 129.51 | 2.01 | 0.0133 |
Low | 12,095 | 52.44 | 0.14 | 124.98 | 1.12 | ||
Alcohol intake | |||||||
Less than 1 time per month | 6176 | 51.52 | 0.18 | <0.0001 | 113.95 | 1.22 | <0.0001 |
1–3 times per week | 9402 | 52.68 | 0.16 | 127.61 | 1.32 | ||
More than 4 times per week | 1041 | 54.60 | 0.51 | 181.14 | 6.20 | ||
Smoking status | |||||||
Smoker | 3305 | 48.52 | 0.25 | <0.0001 | 169.75 | 2.94 | <0.0001 |
Ex-smoker | 3256 | 50.46 | 0.24 | 138.83 | 2.21 | ||
Non-smoker | 10,058 | 54.65 | 0.15 | 104.27 | 0.88 | ||
Aerobic exercise habits | |||||||
Yes | 7539 | 52.91 | 0.17 | 0.0007 | 122.68 | 1.53 | 0.0003 |
No | 9080 | 51.93 | 0.16 | 129.62 | 1.33 | ||
Walking for more than 10 min | |||||||
Few | 2515 | 50.99 | 0.26 | <0.0001 | 131.95 | 2.48 | 0.0125 |
1–4 days per week | 5133 | 51.89 | 0.21 | 131.75 | 1.89 | ||
5–7 days per week | 8971 | 53.05 | 0.16 | 121.83 | 1.31 | ||
Frequency of eating out | |||||||
More than 4 times per week | 9762 | 52.07 | 0.15 | 0.1223 | 128.56 | 1.29 | 0.1362 |
Less than 3 times per week | 6857 | 53.00 | 0.19 | 122.22 | 1.45 | ||
Family history for hyperlipidemia | |||||||
Yes | 1158 | 54.05 | 0.48 | 0.1396 | 128.26 | 4.01 | 0.0141 |
No | 15,461 | 52.28 | 0.12 | 126.12 | 1.03 | ||
Total | 16,619 | 52.40 | 0.12 | 126.27 | 1.01 |
Variables | HDL-C (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | |
Active use of nutrition labelling | ||||||
Check and make dependent purchase decisions | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.0079 | −0.032 | 0.011 | 0.0029 |
Not actively using | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Sex | ||||||
Male | −0.150 | 0.005 | <0.0001 | 0.236 | 0.012 | <0.0001 |
Female | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Age (years) | ||||||
<20 | 0.105 | 0.017 | <0.0001 | −0.097 | 0.044 | 0.0287 |
<30 | 0.094 | 0.012 | <0.0001 | −0.090 | 0.030 | 0.0031 |
<40 | 0.074 | 0.011 | <0.0001 | −0.016 | 0.026 | 0.5315 |
<50 | 0.048 | 0.010 | <0.0001 | 0.040 | 0.024 | 0.1006 |
<60 | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.0021 | 0.046 | 0.024 | 0.0564 |
<70 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.1121 | 0.021 | 0.026 | 0.4191 |
70+ | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Educational level | ||||||
High school or below | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.1082 | −0.001 | 0.020 | 0.9793 |
Bachelor’s degree | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.2213 | −0.010 | 0.019 | 0.5880 |
Master’s degree and above | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Economic status | ||||||
Employed | −0.001 | 0.004 | 0.7727 | 0.028 | 0.010 | 0.0033 |
Unemployed | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Household income | ||||||
Low | −0.009 | 0.006 | 0.1226 | 0.031 | 0.014 | 0.0243 |
Mid-low | −0.009 | 0.005 | 0.1165 | 0.024 | 0.013 | 0.0699 |
Mid-high | −0.005 | 0.005 | 0.3555 | 0.023 | 0.013 | 0.0638 |
High | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 0.026 | 0.007 | <0.0001 | −0.002 | 0.017 | 0.9177 |
Separated/divorced/bereavement | −0.005 | 0.008 | 0.5187 | 0.048 | 0.019 | 0.0122 |
Married | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Residence Area | ||||||
Metropolitan | −0.001 | 0.004 | 0.8193 | −0.004 | 0.011 | 0.7401 |
Others | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Perceived health status | ||||||
Good | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.1091 | −0.013 | 0.014 | 0.3533 |
Bad | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Stress awareness | ||||||
High | −0.010 | 0.004 | 0.0153 | 0.020 | 0.010 | 0.0499 |
Low | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Alcohol intake | ||||||
Less than 1 time per month | −0.142 | 0.009 | <0.0001 | −0.142 | 0.024 | <0.0001 |
1–3 times per week | −0.089 | 0.008 | <0.0001 | −0.129 | 0.023 | <0.0001 |
More than 4 times per week | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Smoking status | ||||||
Smoker | −0.040 | 0.006 | <0.0001 | 0.190 | 0.014 | <0.0001 |
Ex-smoker | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.0162 | 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.0095 |
Non-smoker | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Aerobic exercise habits | ||||||
Yes | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
No | −0.017 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 0.050 | 0.010 | <0.0001 |
Walking for more than 10 min | ||||||
Few | −0.014 | 0.006 | 0.0124 | −0.009 | 0.014 | 0.5196 |
1–4 days per week | −0.015 | 0.004 | 0.0005 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.0542 |
5–7 days per week | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Frequency of eating out | ||||||
More than 4 times per Week | −0.003 | 0.004 | 0.5391 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.2717 |
Less than 3 times per week | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
Family history for hyperlipidemia | ||||||
Yes | −0.006 | 0.008 | 0.4780 | 0.030 | 0.018 | 0.0932 |
No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.022 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.042 | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.002 | 0.000 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.000 | <0.0001 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 0.010 | 0.002 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.8851 |
Year | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.1116 | −0.004 | 0.003 | 0.1404 |
Body-Size Perception | Active Use of Nutrition Labelling | HDL-C (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | ||
Misperception (Over) | Check and make dependent purchase decisions | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.4438 | −0.036 | 0.031 | 0.2457 |
Misperception (Under) | Check and make dependent purchase decisions | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.3019 | −0.031 | 0.021 | 0.1430 |
Healthy Perception | Check and make dependent purchase decisions | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.0100 | −0.033 | 0.013 | 0.0105 |
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Kye, S.Y.; Han, K.-T.; Jeong, S.H.; Choi, J.Y. Nutrition Labeling Usage Influences Blood Markers in Body-Size Self-Conscious Individuals: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165769
Kye SY, Han K-T, Jeong SH, Choi JY. Nutrition Labeling Usage Influences Blood Markers in Body-Size Self-Conscious Individuals: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165769
Chicago/Turabian StyleKye, Su Yeon, Kyu-Tae Han, Sung Hoon Jeong, and Jin Young Choi. 2020. "Nutrition Labeling Usage Influences Blood Markers in Body-Size Self-Conscious Individuals: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165769