Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms but Not Depression Diagnosis in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sources of Data
2.2. Independent Variable
Neighborhood Disadvantage
2.3. Dependent Variables
2.3.1. Depressive Symptomology
2.3.2. Verified Depression Diagnosis
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Analytic Sample and Technique
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Low Disadvantage | Mid Disadvantage | High Disadvantage | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 337 | n = 331 | n = 330 | n = 998 | |
Independent Variables | ||||
Persons Below Poverty *** | 57 (17%) | 145 (44%) | 141 (43%) | 343 (34%) |
Rural *** | 106 (32%) | 216 (65%) | 190 (58%) | 512 (51%) |
Limit activities for fear of being robbed/attacked *** | 37 (11%) | 67 (21%) | 72 (22%) | 176 (18%) |
Black *** | 80 (24%) | 182 (55%) | 236 (72%) | 498 (50%) |
Female | 163 (49%) | 171 (52%) | 164 (50%) | 498 (50%) |
Live alone | 93 (28%) | 114 (35%) | 110 (33%) | 317 (32%) |
Education < 7th Grade *** | 34 (10%) | 96 (29%) | 74 (22%) | 204 (20%) |
Physical Performance *** | 7.6 (3.3) | 6.5 (3.2) | 6.5 (3.2) | 6.9 (3.2) |
Dependent Variables | ||||
Depressive Symptomology (GDS > 5/15) ** | 21 (6%) | 43 (13%) | 36 (11%) | 100 (10%) |
Verified Depression Diagnosis | 29 (9%) | 27 (8%) | 28 (9%) | 84 (8%) |
Variable | Depressive Symptomology | Depression Verified | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR (CI) | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR (CI) | |||
Mid-Disadvantage | 2.32 *** | 1.75 * | (1.04, 2.94) | 0.99 | 1.42 | (0.79, 2.56) |
High-Disadvantage | 2.01 ** | 1.71 * | (1.09, 2.68) | 0.96 | 1.85 | (0.98, 3.47) |
Lives Below Poverty | 3.13 *** | 2.47 *** | (1.61, 3.78) | 1.15 | 1.60 * | (1.00, 2.58) |
Rural | 1.49 * | 0.97 | (0.67, 1.41) | 0.81 | 0.60 | (0.36, 1.01) |
Limit Activities | 2.92 *** | 2.68 *** | (1.74, 4.12) | 1.21 | 1.46 | (0.88, 2.43) |
Black | 1.38 | 0.39 *** | (0.23, 0.65) | 0.40 *** | 0.19 *** | (0.11, 0.32) |
Female | 1.11 | 0.78 | (0.50, 1.20) | 1.92 ** | 1.74 * | (1.05, 2.88) |
Lives Alone | 1.24 | 0.99 | (0.56, 1.74) | 0.90 | 0.70 | (0.44, 1.11) |
Education < 7th Grade | 1.61 | 1.27 | (0.62, 2.57) | 0.45 * | 0.71 | (0.35, 1.44) |
Physical Performance | 0.79 *** | 0.80 *** | (0.74, 0.87) | 0.90 *** | 0.86 *** | (0.80, 0.92) |
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Bolstad, C.J.; Moak, R.; Brown, C.J.; Kennedy, R.E.; Buys, D.R. Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms but Not Depression Diagnosis in Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165745
Bolstad CJ, Moak R, Brown CJ, Kennedy RE, Buys DR. Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms but Not Depression Diagnosis in Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165745
Chicago/Turabian StyleBolstad, Courtney J., Reagan Moak, Cynthia J. Brown, Richard E. Kennedy, and David R. Buys. 2020. "Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms but Not Depression Diagnosis in Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165745