Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
3. Results
3.1. Scale Validity and Reliability
3.2. Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Variance: Differences of Age and Type of Sport on Hypochondriasis and Intention of Continuous Participation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Young | Middle-Aged | Older | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual | Group | Individual | Group | Individual | Group | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 30 (66.7%) | 11 (40.7%) | 27 (55.1%) | 25 (62.5%) | 26 (59.1%) | 12 (50.0%) |
Female | 15 (33.3%) | 16 (59.3%) | 22 (44.9%) | 15 (37.5%) | 18 (40.9%) | 12 (50.0%) |
Type of Sport | ||||||
Home training | 13 (28.9%) | - | 9 (18.4%) | - | 8 (18.2%) | - |
Walking | 8 (17.8%) | - | 10 (20.4%) | - | 9 (20.5%) | - |
Running | 9 (20.0%) | - | 8 (16.3%) | - | 8 (18.2%) | - |
Tracking | 13 (28.9%) | - | 13 (26.5%) | - | 8 (18.2%) | - |
Cycling | 2 (4.4%) | - | 9 (18.4%) | - | 11 (25.0%) | - |
Golf | - | 5 (18.5%) | - | 10 (25.0%) | - | 6 (25.0%) |
Gym | - | 5 (18.5%) | - | 10 (25.0%) | - | 6 (25.0%) |
Basketball | - | 5 (18.5%) | - | 8 (20.0%) | - | 4 (16.7%) |
Baseball | - | 9 (33.3%) | - | 10 (25.0%)- | 4 (16.7%) | |
Swimming | - | 1 (3.7%) | - | 4 (10.0%) | - | 5 (20.8%) |
Frequency of playing | ||||||
Rarely | 10 (22.2%) | 3 (11.1%) | 9 (18.4%) | 6 (15.0%) | 12 (27.3%) | 2 (8.3%) |
Sometimes | 8 (17.8%) | 8 (29.6%) | 9 (18.4%) | 15 (37.5%) | 9 (20.5%) | 6 (25.0%) |
Often | 10 (22.2%) | 6(22.2%) | 13 (26.5%) | 5 (12.5%) | 8 (18.2%) | 4 (16.7%) |
Very Often | 13 (28.9%) | 7 (25.9%) | 14 (28.6%) | 10 (25.0%) | 9 (20.5%) | 6 (25.0%) |
Always | 4 (8.9%) | 3 (11.1%) | 4 (8.2%) | 4 (10.0%) | 6 (13.6%) | 6 (25.0%) |
Total | 45 (100%) | 27 (100%) | 49 (100%) | 40 (100%) | 44 (100%) | 24 (100%) |
Items | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
I fear when I hear news that reminds me of death. | 0.913 | 0.126 | 0.045 | 0.034 |
Thinking about death makes me feel afraid. | 0.857 | 0.019 | 0.013 | −0.004 |
I fear that I might die. | 0.788 | −0.067 | 0.066 | −0.153 |
I worry about health. | 0.084 | 0.882 | 0.202 | 0.060 |
I worry about becoming seriously ill in the future. | −0.003 | 0.837 | −0.016 | 0.003 |
I am scared when I think about serious diseases. | −0.004 | 0.808 | 0.215 | 0.101 |
I fear that I may contract COVID-19. | 0.073 | 0.123 | 0.892 | 0.038 |
I fear that I may become seriously ill. | 0.156 | 0.077 | 0.838 | 0.011 |
When I read an article about virus, I feel similar symptoms. | −0.088 | 0.152 | 0.737 | 0.033 |
When a symptom persists, I believe I have a serious illness. | −0.123 | 0.023 | 0.004 | 0.895 |
If I detect a symptom, I can’t think anything else because of it. | 0.030 | 0.079 | −0.096 | 0.836 |
If I feel unusual symptoms in my body, I worry about them. | −0.035 | 0.046 | 0.180 | 0.770 |
Eigenvalues | 2.992 | 2.411 | 1.816 | 1.548 |
Variance (%) | 24.935 | 20.095 | 15.136 | 12.899 |
Source | Dependent Variables | df | F | p | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Hypochondriasis | G1 | G2 | G3 | |||
Worry about Illness | 2 | 25.522 | 0.000 * | 2.491 | 3.254 | 3.126 | |
Disease Phobia | 2 | 12.868 | 0.000 * | 2.676 | 3.390 | 3.202 | |
Thanatophobia | 2 | 8.016 | 0.000 * | 2.713 | 2.856 | 3.488 | |
Symptom Preoccupation | 2 | 0.490 | 0.613 | 3.153 | 3.167 | 3.005 | |
Intention of Continuous Participation | 2 | 54.736 | 0.000 * | 3.656 | 2.901 | 2.116 |
Worry about Illness | Disease Phobia | Thanatophobia | Symptom Preoccupation | Intention of Continuous Participation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.563 | 0.995 | 0.000 * |
G3 | 0.000 * | 0.002 * | 0.000 * | 0.606 | 0.000 * | |
G2 | G1 | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.563 | 0.995 | 0.000 * |
G3 | 0.454 | 0.418 | 0.000 * | 0.518 | 0.000 * | |
G3 | G1 | 0.000 * | 0.002 * | 0.000 * | 0.606 | 0.000 * |
G2 | 0.000 * | 0.418 | 0.000 * | 0.518 | 0.000 * |
Source | Dependent Variables | df | F | p | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Sport | Hypochondriasis | G1 | G2 | |||
Worry about Illness | 1 | 183.419 | 0.000 * | 2.473 | 3.736 | |
Disease Phobia | 1 | 8.399 | 0.004 * | 2.930 | 3.381 | |
Thanatophobia | 1 | 0.159 | 0.690 | 2.976 | 3.040 | |
Symptom Preoccupation | 1 | 12.680 | 1.000 * | 2.944 | 3.370 | |
Intention of Continuous Participation | 1 | 26.822 | 0.000 * | 3.127 | 2.560 |
Source | Dependent Variables | df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age * Type of Sport | Hypochondriasis | |||
Worry about Illness | 2 | 1.106 | 0.333 | |
Disease Phobia | 2 | 5.314 | 0.006 * | |
Thanatophobia | 2 | 13.200 | 0.000 * | |
Symptom Preoccupation | 2 | 1.901 | 0.152 | |
Intention of Continuous Participation | 2 | 0.033 | 0.968 |
Age | Type of Sport | WI | DP | TH | SP | ICP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young | Individual | 2.096 | 2.652 | 2.489 | 2.889 | 3.889 |
Group | 3.148 | 2.716 | 3.086 | 3.593 | 3.269 | |
Middle-aged | Individual | 2.632 | 2.972 | 2.674 | 3.104 | 3.156 |
Group | 4.000 | 3.892 | 3.075 | 3.242 | 2.594 | |
Older | Individual | 2.682 | 3.163 | 3.785 | 2.830 | 2.333 |
Group | 3.959 | 3.278 | 2.931 | 3.333 | 1.708 |
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Choi, C.; Bum, C.-H. Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871
Choi C, Bum C-H. Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Chulhwan, and Chul-Ho Bum. 2020. "Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871
APA StyleChoi, C., & Bum, C.-H. (2020). Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871