Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
3. Results
3.1. Scale Validity and Reliability
3.2. Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Variance: Differences of Age and Type of Sport on Hypochondriasis and Intention of Continuous Participation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Young | Middle-Aged | Older | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual | Group | Individual | Group | Individual | Group | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 30 (66.7%) | 11 (40.7%) | 27 (55.1%) | 25 (62.5%) | 26 (59.1%) | 12 (50.0%) |
Female | 15 (33.3%) | 16 (59.3%) | 22 (44.9%) | 15 (37.5%) | 18 (40.9%) | 12 (50.0%) |
Type of Sport | ||||||
Home training | 13 (28.9%) | - | 9 (18.4%) | - | 8 (18.2%) | - |
Walking | 8 (17.8%) | - | 10 (20.4%) | - | 9 (20.5%) | - |
Running | 9 (20.0%) | - | 8 (16.3%) | - | 8 (18.2%) | - |
Tracking | 13 (28.9%) | - | 13 (26.5%) | - | 8 (18.2%) | - |
Cycling | 2 (4.4%) | - | 9 (18.4%) | - | 11 (25.0%) | - |
Golf | - | 5 (18.5%) | - | 10 (25.0%) | - | 6 (25.0%) |
Gym | - | 5 (18.5%) | - | 10 (25.0%) | - | 6 (25.0%) |
Basketball | - | 5 (18.5%) | - | 8 (20.0%) | - | 4 (16.7%) |
Baseball | - | 9 (33.3%) | - | 10 (25.0%)- | 4 (16.7%) | |
Swimming | - | 1 (3.7%) | - | 4 (10.0%) | - | 5 (20.8%) |
Frequency of playing | ||||||
Rarely | 10 (22.2%) | 3 (11.1%) | 9 (18.4%) | 6 (15.0%) | 12 (27.3%) | 2 (8.3%) |
Sometimes | 8 (17.8%) | 8 (29.6%) | 9 (18.4%) | 15 (37.5%) | 9 (20.5%) | 6 (25.0%) |
Often | 10 (22.2%) | 6(22.2%) | 13 (26.5%) | 5 (12.5%) | 8 (18.2%) | 4 (16.7%) |
Very Often | 13 (28.9%) | 7 (25.9%) | 14 (28.6%) | 10 (25.0%) | 9 (20.5%) | 6 (25.0%) |
Always | 4 (8.9%) | 3 (11.1%) | 4 (8.2%) | 4 (10.0%) | 6 (13.6%) | 6 (25.0%) |
Total | 45 (100%) | 27 (100%) | 49 (100%) | 40 (100%) | 44 (100%) | 24 (100%) |
Items | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
I fear when I hear news that reminds me of death. | 0.913 | 0.126 | 0.045 | 0.034 |
Thinking about death makes me feel afraid. | 0.857 | 0.019 | 0.013 | −0.004 |
I fear that I might die. | 0.788 | −0.067 | 0.066 | −0.153 |
I worry about health. | 0.084 | 0.882 | 0.202 | 0.060 |
I worry about becoming seriously ill in the future. | −0.003 | 0.837 | −0.016 | 0.003 |
I am scared when I think about serious diseases. | −0.004 | 0.808 | 0.215 | 0.101 |
I fear that I may contract COVID-19. | 0.073 | 0.123 | 0.892 | 0.038 |
I fear that I may become seriously ill. | 0.156 | 0.077 | 0.838 | 0.011 |
When I read an article about virus, I feel similar symptoms. | −0.088 | 0.152 | 0.737 | 0.033 |
When a symptom persists, I believe I have a serious illness. | −0.123 | 0.023 | 0.004 | 0.895 |
If I detect a symptom, I can’t think anything else because of it. | 0.030 | 0.079 | −0.096 | 0.836 |
If I feel unusual symptoms in my body, I worry about them. | −0.035 | 0.046 | 0.180 | 0.770 |
Eigenvalues | 2.992 | 2.411 | 1.816 | 1.548 |
Variance (%) | 24.935 | 20.095 | 15.136 | 12.899 |
Source | Dependent Variables | df | F | p | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Hypochondriasis | G1 | G2 | G3 | |||
Worry about Illness | 2 | 25.522 | 0.000 * | 2.491 | 3.254 | 3.126 | |
Disease Phobia | 2 | 12.868 | 0.000 * | 2.676 | 3.390 | 3.202 | |
Thanatophobia | 2 | 8.016 | 0.000 * | 2.713 | 2.856 | 3.488 | |
Symptom Preoccupation | 2 | 0.490 | 0.613 | 3.153 | 3.167 | 3.005 | |
Intention of Continuous Participation | 2 | 54.736 | 0.000 * | 3.656 | 2.901 | 2.116 |
Worry about Illness | Disease Phobia | Thanatophobia | Symptom Preoccupation | Intention of Continuous Participation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.563 | 0.995 | 0.000 * |
G3 | 0.000 * | 0.002 * | 0.000 * | 0.606 | 0.000 * | |
G2 | G1 | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.563 | 0.995 | 0.000 * |
G3 | 0.454 | 0.418 | 0.000 * | 0.518 | 0.000 * | |
G3 | G1 | 0.000 * | 0.002 * | 0.000 * | 0.606 | 0.000 * |
G2 | 0.000 * | 0.418 | 0.000 * | 0.518 | 0.000 * |
Source | Dependent Variables | df | F | p | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Sport | Hypochondriasis | G1 | G2 | |||
Worry about Illness | 1 | 183.419 | 0.000 * | 2.473 | 3.736 | |
Disease Phobia | 1 | 8.399 | 0.004 * | 2.930 | 3.381 | |
Thanatophobia | 1 | 0.159 | 0.690 | 2.976 | 3.040 | |
Symptom Preoccupation | 1 | 12.680 | 1.000 * | 2.944 | 3.370 | |
Intention of Continuous Participation | 1 | 26.822 | 0.000 * | 3.127 | 2.560 |
Source | Dependent Variables | df | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age * Type of Sport | Hypochondriasis | |||
Worry about Illness | 2 | 1.106 | 0.333 | |
Disease Phobia | 2 | 5.314 | 0.006 * | |
Thanatophobia | 2 | 13.200 | 0.000 * | |
Symptom Preoccupation | 2 | 1.901 | 0.152 | |
Intention of Continuous Participation | 2 | 0.033 | 0.968 |
Age | Type of Sport | WI | DP | TH | SP | ICP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young | Individual | 2.096 | 2.652 | 2.489 | 2.889 | 3.889 |
Group | 3.148 | 2.716 | 3.086 | 3.593 | 3.269 | |
Middle-aged | Individual | 2.632 | 2.972 | 2.674 | 3.104 | 3.156 |
Group | 4.000 | 3.892 | 3.075 | 3.242 | 2.594 | |
Older | Individual | 2.682 | 3.163 | 3.785 | 2.830 | 2.333 |
Group | 3.959 | 3.278 | 2.931 | 3.333 | 1.708 |
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Choi, C.; Bum, C.-H. Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871
Choi C, Bum C-H. Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Chulhwan, and Chul-Ho Bum. 2020. "Changes in the Type of Sports Activity Due to COVID-19: Hypochondriasis and the Intention of Continuous Participation in Sports" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134871