Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Sex (n) | Locomotor Raw Score | Object Control Raw Score | Locomotor Standard Score Weighted Mean (95% CI) | Object Control Standard Score | Gross Motor Quotient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3–5 years | Both (329) | 28.3 (27.2–29.4) | 21.1 (20.4–21.8) | 10.0 (9.6–10.4) | 8.5 (8.2–8.8) | 95.6 (93.9–97.3) |
3 years | Both (88) | 19.9 (17.6–22.1) | 15.2 (13.8–16.6) | 9.3 (8.6–10.1) | 8.6 (8.1–9.2) | 93.8 (90.6–97.0) |
Boy (43) | 19.4 (16.7–22.2) | 16.9 (14.7–19.1) | 9.2 (8.3–10.1) | 8.7 (7.8–9.5) | 93.7 (89.0–98.4) | |
Girl (45) | 20.3 (17.8–22.9) | 13.4 (12.3–14.6) | 9.5 (8.6–10.3) | 8.5 (8.1–9.0) | 94.0 (90.6–97.04) | |
4 years | Both (111) | 29.5 (27.5–31.4) | 20.2 (19.0–21.3) | 10.6 (9.9–11.2) | 8.5 (8.1–8.9) | 97.2 (94.9–99.4) |
Boy (57) | 27.7 (24.3–31.1) | 21.5 (18.9–24.0) | 10.0 (8.9–11.2) | 8.4 (7.6–9.3) | 95.4 (90.2–100.5) | |
Girl (54) | 31.0 (28.8–33.2) | 19.0 (16.8–21.2) | 11.1 (10.3–11.8) | 8.5 (7.7–9.3) | 98.8 (95.3–102.3) | |
5 years | Both (130) | 33.3 (31.6–35.0) | 26.2 (24.2–28.3) | 10.0 (9.4–100.6) | 8.5 (7.9–9.2) | 95.4 (92.1–98.7) |
Boy (66) | 31.6 (29.8–33.4) | 28.2 (25.7–30.7) | 9.3 (8.7–9.8) | 8.6 (7.8–9.3) | 93.5 (90.0–97.1) | |
Girl (64) | 35.3 (32.4–38.2) | 24.0 (21.6–26.5) | 10.7 (9.7–11.8) | 8.4 (7.5–9.4) | 97.6 (92.0–103.1) |
Lower Gross Motor Quotient | Higher Gross Motor Quotient | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unweighted n (Weighted %) | Unweighted n (Weighted %) | |||
Total | 112 (33.9) | 217 (66.1) | ||
Sex | Boy | 61 (37.5) | 105 (62.5) | 0.17 |
Girl | 51 (30.3) | 112 (69.7) | ||
Age | 3 years | 35 (43.1) | 53 (56.9) | 0.20 |
4 years | 33 (28.9) | 78 (71.1) | ||
5 years | 44 (32.2) | 86 (67.8) | ||
Race/ethnicity | Hispanic | 29 (24.3) | 81 (75.7) | 0.14 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 25 (35.6) | 45 (64.3) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 48 (35.8) | 83 (64.2) | ||
Other | 10 (52.0) | 8 (48.0) | ||
Family income | $0 to $24,999 | 26 (22.9) | 86 (77.1) | 0.06 |
$25,000 to $74,999 | 45 (38.2) | 69 (61.8) | ||
≥$75,000 | 32 (39.5) | 51 (60.5) | ||
Ratio of family income to poverty * | <1.0 (low) | 26 (21.8) | 93 (78.2) | <0.01 |
1 to <3.0 (middle) | 41 (37.0) | 62 (63.0) | ||
≥3.0 (high) | 36 (42.5) | 51 (57.5) | ||
Household size | ≤4 people | 58 (37.6) | 111 (62.4) | 0.10 |
≥5 people | 44 (29.3) | 106 (70.7) | ||
Living with Child(ren) ≤ 5 years old | No | 68 (39.9) | 111 (60.1) | 0.04 |
Yes | 44 (27.5) | 106 (72.5) | ||
Living with Child(ren) 6–17 years old | No | 52 (35.7) | 91 (64.3) | 0.46 |
Yes | 60 (32.4) | 126 (67.6) | ||
Language spoken at home | English only | 77 (34.0) | 147 (66.0) | 0.98 |
Non-English | 36 (33.8) | 70 (66.2) | ||
Daily ≥60 min of PA | No | 18 (30.2) | 41 (69.4) | 0.63 |
Yes | 94 (34.7) | 176 (65.3) | ||
Engaging in gross motor-related PA ** | No | 67 (41.5) | 99 (58.5) | 0.02 |
Yes | 45 (27.2) | 118 (72.8) | ||
TV or video viewing | ≤1 h/day | 49 (29.8) | 107 (70.2) | 0.12 |
≥2 h/day | 63 (37.9) | 110 (62.0) | ||
Birthweight | <2.5 kg | 6 (26.1) | 17 (73.9) | 0.78 |
2.5 to <4 kg | 95 (34.0) | 175 (66.0) | ||
≥4 kg | 11 (37.9) | 25 (62.1) | ||
Weight status | Healthy weight | 79 (33.5) | 147 (66.5) | 0.89 |
Overweight | 14 (33.5) | 36 (66.5) | ||
Obese | 19 (36.5) | 34 (63.5) |
Predictors | OR | Lower Limit of 95% CI | Upper Limit of 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Sex: girl vs. boy | 1.40 | 0.82 | 2.40 |
Age: 4 vs. 3 years | 1.86 | 0.97 | 3.58 |
Age: 5 vs. 3 years | 1.44 | 0.77 | 2.69 |
Ratio of family income to poverty: 1.0 to <3.0 vs. ≥3.0 | 1.36 | 0.54 | 3.47 |
Ratio of family income to poverty: <1.0 vs. ≥3.0 | 2.76 | 1.09 | 7.00 |
Living with child(ren) ≤5 years old: yes vs. no | 1.57 | 0.81 | 3.06 |
Engaging in gross motor-related PA: yes vs. no | 1.93 | 1.04 | 3.58 |
Locomotor | Object Control | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Locomotor Scores | Higher Locomotor Scores | p-Value | Lower Object Control Scores | Higher Object Control Scores | p-Value | ||
Unweighted n (Weighted %) | Unweighted n (Weighted %) | Unweighted n (Weighted %) | Unweighted n (Weighted %) | ||||
Total | 80 (24.4) | 249 (82.7) | 111 (39.9) | 218 (70.6) | |||
Sex | Boy | 50 (31.1) | 116 (68.9) | 0.01 | 56 (34.4) | 110 (65.6) | 0.91 |
Girl | 30 (17.6) | 133 (82.4) | 55 (34.9) | 108 (65.1) | |||
Age | 3 years | 24 (29.1) | 64 (70.9) | 0.66 | 20 (26.8) | 68 (73.2) | 0.40 |
4 years | 28 (22.8) | 83 (77.2) | 41 (39.1) | 70 (60.9) | |||
5 years | 28 (22.7) | 102 (77.3) | 50 (35.9) | 80 (64.1) | |||
Race/ethnicity | Hispanic | 20 (16.9) | 90 (83.1) | 0.15 | 33 (28.3) | 77 (71.7) | 0.48 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 14 (18.8) | 56 (81.2) | 23 (34.4) | 47 (65.6) | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 37 (27.2) | 94 (72.8) | 48 (36.9) | 83 (63.1) | |||
Other | 9 (44.8) | 9 (55.2) | 7 (40.5) | 11 (59.5) | |||
Family income | $0 to $24,999 | 20 (17.4) | 92 (82.6) | 0.12 | 31 (29.4) | 81 (70.6) | 0.49 |
$25,000 to $74,999 | 27 (23.6) | 87 (76.4) | 45 (38.6) | 69 (61.4) | |||
≥$75,000 | 27 (32.3) | 56 (67.7) | 27 (35.6) | 56 (64.4) | |||
Ratio of family income to poverty * | <1.0 (low) | 21 (17.3) | 86 (82.7) | 0.03 | 31 (27.9) | 88 (72.1) | 0.19 |
1 to <3.0 (middle) | 23 (21.3) | 80 (78.7) | 40 (40.5) | 60 (59.5) | |||
≥3.0 (high) | 30 (34.7) | 57 (65.3) | 29 (35.6) | 58 (64.4) | |||
Household size | ≤4 people | 46 (26.7) | 133 (73.3) | 0.29 | 67 (37.6) | 112 (62.4) | 0.23 |
≥5 people | 34 (21.6) | 116 (78.4) | 44 (30.8) | 106 (69.2) | |||
Living with Child(ren) ≤ 5 years old | No | 53 (32.5) | 126 (67.5) | <0.01 | 54 (30.9) | 125 (69.1) | 0.10 |
Yes | 27 (15.7) | 123 (84.2) | 57 (38.6) | 93 (61.4) | |||
Living with Child(ren) 6-17 years old | No | 34 (22.6) | 109 (77.4) | 0.38 | 57 (41.3) | 86 (58.7) | <0.01 |
Yes | 46 (26.0) | 140 (74.0) | 54 (28.9) | 132 (71.1) | |||
Language spoken at home | English only | 54 (24.3) | 170 (75.7) | 0.92 | 75 (34.6) | 149 (65.4) | 0.96 |
Non-English | 26 (24.8) | 79 (75.2) | 36 (34.8) | 69 (65.2) | |||
Daily ≥60 min of PA | No | 13 (22.4) | 46 (77.6) | 0.80 | 20 (35.5) | 39 (64.5) | 0.91 |
Yes | 67 (24.8) | 203 (75.2) | 91 (34.4) | 179 (65.6) | |||
Engaging in gross motor-related PA ** | No | 67 (41.5) | 99 (58.5) | 0.02 | |||
Yes | 48 (30.3) | 118 (69.7) | 0.04 | 60 (38.4) | 106 (61.6) | 0.26 | |
TV or video viewing | ≤1 h/day | 37 (23.0) | 119 (77.0) | 0.51 | 55 (33.1) | 118 (66.9) | 0.51 |
≥2 h/day | 43 (25.9) | 130 (74.1) | 56 (36.1) | 100 (63.9) | |||
Birthweight | <2.5 kg | 5 (23.6) | 18 (76.4) | 0.06 | 8 (42.3) | 15 (57.7) | 0.37 |
2.5 to <4 kg | 68 (24.1) | 202 (75.9) | 89 (32.5) | 181 (67.5) | |||
≥4 kg | 7 (27.1) | 29 (72.9) | 14 (44.7) | 22 (55.3) | |||
Weight status | Healthy weight | 59 (25.2) | 167 (74.8) | 0.87 | 78 (35.0) | 148 (65.0) | 0.97 |
Overweight | 9 (21.4) | 41 (78.6) | 17 (34.7) | 33 (65.3) | |||
Obese | 12 (24.2) | 41 (75.8) | 16 (32.9) | 37 (67.1) |
Predictors | Locomotor | Object Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | Lower Limit of 95% CI | Upper Limit of 95% CI | OR | Lower Limit of 95% CI | Upper Limit of 95% CI | |
Sex: girl vs. boy | 2.17 | 1.10 | 4.25 | 1.01 | 0.67 | 1.53 |
Age: 4 vs. 3 years | 1.45 | 0.57 | 3.72 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 1.26 |
Age: 5 vs. 3 years | 1.23 | 0.44 | 3.41 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 1.98 |
Ratio of family income to poverty: 1.0 to <3.0 vs. ≥3.0 | 2.07 | 0.87 | 4.91 | NA | NA | NA |
Ratio of family income to poverty: <1.0 vs. ≥3.0 | 2.51 | 0.94 | 6.70 | NA | NA | NA |
Living with child(ren) ≤5 years old: yes vs. no | 2.36 | 1.01 | 5.54 | NA | NA | NA |
Living with child(ren) 6–17 years old: yes vs. no | NA | NA | NA | 1.83 | 1.24 | 2.69 |
Engaging in gross motor-related PA: yes vs. no | 1.83 | 0.94 | 3.57 | NA | NA | NA |
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Kwon, S.; O’Neill, M. Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124491
Kwon S, O’Neill M. Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124491
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Soyang, and Meghan O’Neill. 2020. "Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124491
APA StyleKwon, S., & O’Neill, M. (2020). Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124491