Primary Cooking Fuel Choice and Respiratory Health Outcomes among Women in Charge of Household Cooking in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design and Participants
2.3. Questionnaires and Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
- -
- LPG as the principal cooking fuel,
- -
- Charcoal as the principal cooking fuel,
- -
- Firewood as the principal cooking fuel.
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Health Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Respondents by Type of Main Cooking Fuel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LPG | Charcoal | Firewood | Biomass * | Overall | |
Age in year, mean (SD) | 33.4 (11.0) | 34.9 (11.2) | 38.0 (13.5) | 37.2 (13.0) | 35.6 (12.4) |
Age of primary cook in year, mean (SD) | 11.2 (2.5) | 11.2 (2.7) | 10.9 (2.6) | 11 (2.6) | 11.1 (2.6) |
Cooking time (minute/day), mean (SD) | 161 (115) | 164 (138) | 176 (145) | 173 (143) | 168 (133) |
Indoor kitchen, n (%) | 142 (28.6) | 10 (3.8) | 11 (1.5) | 21 (2.1) | 395 (23.2) |
Household size, mean (SD) | 7 (4) | 7 (5) | 9 (5) | 8 (5) | 8 (4) |
Average family monthly income (SD) | 109,284 (81,684) | 76,670 (63,639) | 72,667 (57,709) | 73,761 (59,365) | 88,112 (71,381) |
Smokers in the family, n (%) | 193 (28.1) | 86 (32.3) | 259 (34.7) | 345 (34.1) | 538 (31.7) |
Formal education ≤ 6 years, n (%) | 333 (48.3) | 67 (25.2) | 129 (17.2) | 196 (19.31 | 1176 (69.0) |
Symptoms | LPG Users | Biomass Users * | p Value | Charcoal Users | Firewood Users | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 690 | n = 1015 | n = 266 | n = 749 | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Acute respiratory symptoms | ||||||||||
Dry cough | 107 | 15.51 | 269 | 26.5 | <0.001 | 60 | 22.56 | 209 | 27.9 | 0.09 |
Breath difficulties | 75 | 10.87 | 166 | 16.35 | 0.002 | 38 | 14.29 | 128 | 17.09 | NS |
Throat irritation | 145 | 21.01 | 295 | 29.06 | <0.001 | 87 | 32.71 | 208 | 27.77 | 0.128 |
Chronic respiratory symptoms | ||||||||||
Chronic cough | 95 | 13.77 | 170 | 16.75 | 0.096 | 52 | 19.55 | 118 | 15.75 | 0.155 |
Chronic phlegm | 145 | 21.3 | 292 | 28.77 | 0.001 | 86 | 32.33 | 206 | 27.5 | 0.136 |
Shortness of breath | 114 | 16.52 | 209 | 20.59 | 0.036 | 59 | 22.18 | 150 | 20.03 | NS |
Effort cough | 166 | 24.06 | 287 | 28.28 | 0.053 | 73 | 27.44 | 214 | 28.57 | NS |
Wheezing | 90 | 13.04 | 184 | 18.13 | 0.005 | 58 | 21.8 | 126 | 16.82 | 0.071 |
Effort chest tightness | 235 | 34.06 | 387 | 38.13 | 0.087 | 107 | 40.23 | 280 | 37.38 | NS |
Effort dyspnea | 321 | 46.52 | 493 | 48.57 | NS | 128 | 48.12 | 365 | 48.73 | NS |
Wheeze with dyspnea | 76 | 11.01 | 146 | 14.38 | 0.043 | 43 | 16.17 | 103 | 13.75 | NS |
Wheeze without cold | 49 | 7.1 | 112 | 11.03 | 0.007 | 34 | 12.78 | 78 | 10.41 | NS |
Woken by shortness of breath | 146 | 21.16 | 288 | 28.37 | 0.001 | 83 | 31.2 | 205 | 27.37 | NS |
Woken by coughing attacks | 105 | 15.22 | 212 | 20.89 | 0.003 | 70 | 26.32 | 142 | 18.96 | 0.012 |
Woken with breath difficulty | 104 | 15.07 | 193 | 19.01 | 0.036 | 60 | 22.56 | 133 | 17.76 | 0.087 |
Asthma reported | 28 | 4.06 | 28 | 2.76 | 0.142 | 10 | 3.76 | 18 | 2.4 | NS |
Asthma crisis | 24 | 3.48 | 27 | 2.66 | NS | 11 | 4.14 | 16 | 2.14 | 0.087 |
Perceived respiratory health | ||||||||||
Excellent | 54 | 8 | 45 | 4.52 | Reference | 8 | 3.1 | 37 | 5.01 | Reference |
Very good | 103 | 15.26 | 169 | 16.97 | 0.004 | 40 | 15.5 | 129 | 17.48 | NS |
Good | 441 | 65.33 | 659 | 66.16 | 0.006 | 176 | 68.22 | 483 | 65.45 | 0.192 |
Fair | 40 | 5.93 | 55 | 5.52 | 0.084 | 13 | 5.04 | 42 | 5.69 | NS |
Poor | 37 | 5.48 | 68 | 6.83 | 0.006 | 21 | 8.14 | 47 | 6.37 | 0.123 |
Respiratory Symptoms | Multivariate Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
LPG † vs. Biomass * (n = 1636) | Charcoal † vs. Firewood (n = 975) | |||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Acute respiratory symptoms $ | ||||
Dry cough | 1.91 (1.45–2.54) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.00–2.02) | 0.051 |
Breath difficulties | 1.57 (1.13–2.19) | 0.007 | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | - |
Throat irritation | 1.60 (1.23–2.74) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.54–1.05) | 0.095 |
Chronic respiratory symptoms £ | ||||
Chronic cough | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 0.313 | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.097 |
Chronic phlegm | 1.61 (1.24–2.08) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.187 |
Shortness of breath | 1.11 (0.83–1.48) | 0.496 | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | - |
Effort cough | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) | 0.265 | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | - |
Wheeze | 1.37 (1.01–1.87) | 0.045 | 0.63 (0.44–0.92) | 0.018 |
Effort chest tightness | 1.25 (0.99–1.58) | 0.057 | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | - |
Effort dyspnea | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | - | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | - |
Wheeze with dyspnea | 1.34 (0.95–1.87) | 0.091 | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | - |
Wheeze without cold | 1.57 (1.06–2.32) | 0.025 | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | - |
Woken by shortness of breath | 1.30 (1.01–1.69) | 0.046 | 0.78 (0.56–1.08) | - |
Woken by coughing attacks | 1.46 (1.09–1.96) | 0.010 | 0.62 (0.43–0.88) | 0.007 |
Woken with breath difficulty | 1.37 (1.02–1.85) | 0.036 | 0.66 (0.45–0.96) | 0.028 |
Asthma reported | 0.74 (0.39–1.39) | 0.344 | 0.63 (0.24–1.60) | - |
Asthma crisis | 0.79 (0.42–1.51) | - | 0.41 (0.17–1.00) | 0.049 |
Other symptoms $ | ||||
Burning eye | 1.93 (1.52–2.45) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.91–1.72) | 0.162 |
Watery eye | 1.93 (1.54–2.41) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.09–2.03) | 0.012 |
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Sana, A.; Meda, N.; Badoum, G.; Kafando, B.; Bouland, C. Primary Cooking Fuel Choice and Respiratory Health Outcomes among Women in Charge of Household Cooking in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061040
Sana A, Meda N, Badoum G, Kafando B, Bouland C. Primary Cooking Fuel Choice and Respiratory Health Outcomes among Women in Charge of Household Cooking in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(6):1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061040
Chicago/Turabian StyleSana, Adama, Nicolas Meda, Gisèle Badoum, Benoit Kafando, and Catherine Bouland. 2019. "Primary Cooking Fuel Choice and Respiratory Health Outcomes among Women in Charge of Household Cooking in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6: 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061040