Analyzing the Urban-Rural Vaccination Coverage Disparity through a Fair Decomposition in Zhejiang Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Subjects
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Field Investigation
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Measurements
2.6. Data Analyses
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Level | Full Vaccination Coverage | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (row, %) | No n (row, %) | |||
Residence | Rural | 395 (94.0) | 25 (6.0) | <0.001 |
Urban | 363 (85.0) | 64 (15.0) | ||
Children’s aspect | ||||
Child’s gender | Male | 380 (89.6) | 44 (10.4) | 0.901 |
Female | 378 (89.4) | 45 (10.6) | ||
Birth order | 1 | 435 (87.0) | 65 (13.0) | 0.005 |
2 | 237 (91.5) | 22 (8.5) | ||
≥3 | 86 (97.7) | 2 (2.3) | ||
Material aspect | ||||
Mothers’ ages | <30 | 508 (86.1) | 82 (13.9) | <0.001 |
≥30 | 250 (97.3) | 7 (2.7) | ||
Mother’s education | < senior middle school | 126 (80.3) | 31 (19.7) | <0.001 |
≥ senior middle school | 632 (91.6) | 58 (8.4) | ||
Mother’s occupation | Home fulltime | 222 (82.2) | 48 (17.8) | <0.001 |
Employed | 536 (92.9) | 41 (7.1) | ||
Mother’s ethnicity | Han | 718 (92.2) | 61 (7.8) | <0.001 |
Minority | 40 (58.8) | 28 (41.2) | ||
Sociodemographic aspect | ||||
Household income per capital | <5000 CNY/month | 228 (89.4) | 27 (10.6) | 0.245 |
5000–10000 CNY/month | 327 (87.9) | 45 (12.1) | ||
>10000 CNY/month | 203 (92.3) | 17 (7.7) | ||
Immigration status | Resident | 486 (95.5) | 23 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Migrant | 272 (80.5) | 66 (19.5) | ||
Distance to health facility | Not a big problem | 539 (89.7) | 62 (10.3) | 0.776 |
A big problem | 219 (89.0) | 27 (11.0) |
Variables | Level | Residence | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural n (col, %) | Urban n (col, %) | |||
Child’s gender | Male | 212 (50.5) | 212 (49.6) | 0.810 |
Female | 208 (49.5) | 215 (50.4) | ||
Birth order | 1 | 218 (51.9) | 282 (66.0) | <0.001 |
2 | 140 (33.3) | 119 (27.9) | ||
≥3 | 62 (14.8) | 26 (6.1) | ||
Mothers’ ages | <30 | 317 (75.5) | 273 (63.9) | <0.001 |
≥30 | 103 (24.5) | 154 (36.1) | ||
Mother’s education | < senior middle school | 118 (28.1) | 39 (9.1) | <0.001 |
≥ senior middle school | 302 (71.9) | 388 (90.9) | ||
Mother’s occupation | Home fulltime | 179 (42.6) | 91 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Employed | 241 (57.4) | 336 (78.7) | ||
Mother’s ethnicity | Han | 372 (88.6) | 407 (95.3) | <0.001 |
Minority | 48 (11.4) | 20 (4.7) | ||
Household income per capital | <5000 CNY/month | 159 (37.9) | 96 (22.5) | <0.001 |
5000–10000 CNY/month | 167 (39.8) | 205 (48.0) | ||
>10000 CNY/month | 94 (22.3) | 126 (29.5) | ||
Immigration status | Resident | 202 (48.1) | 307 (71.9) | <0.001 |
Migrant | 218 (51.9) | 120 (28.1) | ||
Distance to health facility | Not a big problem | 301 (71.7) | 300 (70.3) | 0.652 |
A big problem | 119 (28.3) | 127 (29.7) |
Variables | Level | dy/dx 1 (SE 2) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Child’s gender | Male | Ref | |
Female | 0.051 (0.062) | 0.452 | |
Birth order | 1 | Ref | |
2 | 0.025 (0.023) | 0.039 | |
≥3 | 0.093 (0.035) | <0.001 | |
Mothers’ ages | <30 | Ref | |
≥30 | 0.073 (0.005) | 0.012 | |
Mother’s education | < senior middle school | Ref | |
≥ senior middle school | 0.072 (0.029) | 0.019 | |
Mother’s occupation | Home fulltime | Ref | |
Employed | 0.086 (0.032) | <0.001 | |
Mother’s ethnicity | Han | Ref | |
Minority | −0.092 (0.016) | 0.002 | |
Household income per capita | <5000 CNY/month | Ref | |
5000–10000 CNY/month | 0.037 (0.101) | 0.013 | |
>10000 CNY/month | 0.048 (0.065) | <0.001 | |
Immigration status | Resident | Ref | |
Migrant | −0.113 (0.003) | <0.001 | |
Distance to health facility | Not a big problem | Ref | |
A big problem | <0.001 (0.431) | 0.925 |
Variable | Value/Coefficient 1 | % Contribution to the Explained Disparity | p |
---|---|---|---|
Rural full immunization coverage | 94.0% | ||
Urban full immunization | 85.0% | ||
Rural–Urban disparity | 9.0% | ||
Total explained disparity | 7.3% | ||
% total explained disparity | 81.1% | ||
Children’s aspect | |||
Child’s gender | 0 | 0.0 | 0.992 |
Birth order | 0.0045 | 26.3 | 0.017 |
Subtotal | 0.0045 | 26.3 | 0.017 |
Material aspect | |||
Mothers’ ages | 0.0085 | 49.7 | <0.001 |
Mother’s education | 0.0041 | 24.0 | 0.026 |
Mother’s occupation | 0.0056 | 32.7 | 0.004 |
Mother’s ethnicity | −0.0062 | −36.3 | 0.002 |
Subtotal | 0.011 | 64.3 | <0.001 |
Sociodemographic aspect | |||
Household income per capital | 0.0006 | 4.6 | 0.233 |
Immigration status | −0.0093 | −54.4 | <0.001 |
Distance to health facility | 0.0017 | 9.9 | 0.080 |
Subtotal | 0.0009 | 5.3 | 0.152 |
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Hu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Liang, H. Analyzing the Urban-Rural Vaccination Coverage Disparity through a Fair Decomposition in Zhejiang Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224575
Hu Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liang H. Analyzing the Urban-Rural Vaccination Coverage Disparity through a Fair Decomposition in Zhejiang Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224575
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Yu, Ying Wang, Yaping Chen, and Hui Liang. 2019. "Analyzing the Urban-Rural Vaccination Coverage Disparity through a Fair Decomposition in Zhejiang Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224575