Dynamic Changes of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Tibetan Plateau During the Past 17 Years and Its Response to Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Method
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Data Processing
2.3.1. Data Processing of NDVI
2.3.2. Spatial Interpolation of Climatic Data
2.4. Study Method
2.4.1. Trend Analysis Method
2.4.2. Grey Relational Analysis
2.4.3. Analysis of Lag Time
2.4.4. Multiple Nested Times Series Analysis
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Interannual Variation and Spatial Distribution of NDVI in the Growing Season
3.1.1. Interannual Variation of NDVI
3.1.2. Multi-Year Mean Spatial Distribution of NDVI
3.2. Spatial Variation Characteristics of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Past 17 Years
3.3. Temporal Variation Trend of NDVI in the Growing Season
3.4. Discussion on the Lag Response of NDVI to Climate Factors in the Growing Season
3.5. Analysis of NDVI Response to Climatic Factors in Growing Season
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The mean NDVI in the growing season of TP in 2001–2017 is 0.49, and the spatial difference is significant. The NDVI value of vegetation generally shows a spatial distribution of increase from west to east and from south to north. The change rate from west to east is 0.13/10° E, while the change rate from south to north is 0.30/10° N.
- (2)
- During the period from 2001 to 2017, the NDVI in the growing season of TP shows a slight trend of increase, with a growth rate of +0.01/10a.
- (3)
- The results of the seven periods indicate that the area where overall NDVI value of TP shows an increasing trend is enlarging with the extension of the study period. The area where NDVI value of meadows and grasslands shows a decreasing trend is declining, and the areas with significant increase and extremely significant increase of the NDVI value in forest lands (coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests) are increasing significantly.
- (4)
- The results of lag time show that the response of the NDVI in TP to the four climate factors (air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and sunshine duration) varies from 2001 to 2017, and the lag of air temperature is not obvious, and the response lags behind cumulative precipitation by zero to one month, relative humidity by two months, and sunshine duration by three months. The results of the seven periods show that the NDVI of the growing season and the lag time response of air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and sunshine duration remain basically unchanged at the existing research scale, and the vegetation response time to climatic factors has certain stability.
- (5)
- The correlation between NDVI and climatic factors in different altitudes shows significant differences. The correlation between NDVI and air temperature in the study area is the highest (0.632) in the low-altitude area and the lowest (0.608) in the high-altitude area. The highest correlation (0.625) with precipitation is located in extremely high-altitude area and the lowest correlation (0.588) in the low-altitude area). The highest correlation (0.623) with relative humidity occurs in the low-altitude area, while the area with the lowest correlation (0.612) is located in the extremely high-altitude area. The highest correlation (0.703) with sunshine duration occurs in the low-altitude area, while the area with the lowest correlation (0.626) is located in the extremely high-altitude area. The GRD between NDVI and sunshine duration decreases with the increase of altitudes. The GRD between NDVI and precipitation increases as the altitudes rise. The change of GRD between NDVI and relative humidity is relatively stable in different altitudes. The GRD between NDVI and air temperature fluctuates with the rise of altitudes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area Percentage | Low Altitude Area <1000 m | Middle Altitude Area 1000–3500 m | High Altitude Area 3500–5000 m | Extremely High Altitude Area >5000 m |
---|---|---|---|---|
Increase θslope > 0 | 81.22% | 80.81% | 65.8% | 62.7% |
Significant increase θslope > 0, p < 0.05 | 22.91% | 33.14% | 12.05% | 9.32% |
Extremely significant increase θslope > 0, p < 0.01 | 9.47% | 20.03% | 4.83% | 3.54% |
Reduction θslope < 0 | 18.78% | 19.19% | 34.2% | 37.3% |
Significant reduction θslope < 0, p < 0.05 | 1.87% | 2.5% | 2.65% | 1.78% |
Extremely significant reduction θslope < 0, p < 0.01 | 0.87% | 1.15% | 0.91% | 0.4% |
Climatic Factor | GRD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
February–June | March–July | April–August | May–September | |
Air temperature | 0.572 | 0.564 | 0.592 | 0.613 |
Precipitation | 0.587 | 0.559 | 0.616 | 0.616 |
Relative humidity | 0.610 | 0.614 | 0.610 | 0.610 |
Sunshine duration | 0.631 | 0.613 | 0.622 | 0.620 |
Climatic Factor | Lag Response | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001–2011 | 2001–2012 | 2001–2013 | 2001–2014 | 2001–2015 | 2001–2016 | 2001–2017 | |
Air temperature | Current month | Current month | Current month | Current month | Current month | Current month | Current month |
Precipitation | Lag by 1 month | Lag by 1 month | Lag by 1 month | Current month | Current month | Lag by 1 month | Current month |
Relative humidity | Lag by 2 months | Lag by 2 months | Lag by 2 months | Lag by 2 months | Lag by 2 months | Lag by 2 months | Lag by 2 months |
Sunshine duration | Lag by 3 months | Lag by 3 months | Lag by 3 months | Lag by 3 months | Lag by 3 months | Lag by 3 months | Lag by 3 months |
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Huang, X.; Zhang, T.; Yi, G.; He, D.; Zhou, X.; Li, J.; Bie, X.; Miao, J. Dynamic Changes of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Tibetan Plateau During the Past 17 Years and Its Response to Climate Change. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183452
Huang X, Zhang T, Yi G, He D, Zhou X, Li J, Bie X, Miao J. Dynamic Changes of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Tibetan Plateau During the Past 17 Years and Its Response to Climate Change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183452
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Xianglin, Tingbin Zhang, Guihua Yi, Dong He, Xiaobing Zhou, Jingji Li, Xiaojuan Bie, and Jiaqing Miao. 2019. "Dynamic Changes of NDVI in the Growing Season of the Tibetan Plateau During the Past 17 Years and Its Response to Climate Change" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183452