Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England’s Mental Health Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Social Patterning of Storm and Flood Damage to the Home (Aim 1)
3.2. Exposure to Storm- and Flood-Damaged Home as a Predictor of CMD (Aim 2)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Population | Storm/Flood Damaged Home in Previous 6 Months | Significance of Association with Storm/Flood Damage * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n = 7525) | Yes % (n = 354) | 95% CI | No % (n = 7171) | 95% CI | p Value | |
Any common mental disorder (CMD) | 17.0 (1329) | 23.1 (89) | 18.5–28.4 | 16.7 (1240) | 15.7–17.8 | 0.005 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screen positive | 4.4 (311) | 6.6 (25) | 4.3–10.1 | 4.3 (286) | 3.7–5.0 | 0.062 |
Suicidal ideation & attempts | ||||||
Suicidal thoughts ever | 20.5 (1602) | 29.5 (114) | 24.4–35.2 | 20.1 (1488) | 19.0–21.2 | 0.001 |
Suicidal thoughts in the past year | 5.0 (390) | 8.8 (29) | 5.6–13.4 | 4.8 (361) | 4.3–5.4 | 0.010 |
Suicide attempt ever | 6.7 (549) | 11.3 (41) | 8.1–15.8 | 6.5 (508) | 5.9–7.2 | 0.003 |
Factors | % | Unadjusted Odds Ratios | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Storm/Flood Damage | Odds Ratio (OR) | CI Lower | CI Upper | p Value | ORs | CI Lower | CI Upper | p Value | ORs | CI Lower | CI Upper | p Value | ||
Sex | Male (ref) | 5.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Female | 3.8 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 0.91 | 0.007 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 0.96 | 0.021 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.023 | |
Age group | 16–24 (ref) | 2.9 | 1 | 0.582 c | 1 | 0.664 c | 1 | 0.547 c | ||||||
25–34 | 4.6 | 1.61 | 0.86 | 3.02 | 0.133 | 1.27 | 0.67 | 2.43 | 0.461 | 1.32 | 0.69 | 2.53 | 0.393 | |
35–44 | 5.4 | 1.89 | 1.06 | 3.37 | 0.031 | 1.34 | 0.76 | 2.36 | 0.312 | 1.39 | 0.79 | 2.44 | 0.259 | |
45–54 | 5.3 | 1.85 | 1.06 | 3.25 | 0.032 | 1.24 | 0.71 | 2.18 | 0.443 | 1.28 | 0.73 | 2.24 | 0.395 | |
55–64 | 5.2 | 1.82 | 1.00 | 3.31 | 0.05 | 1.32 | 0.72 | 2.42 | 0.363 | 1.27 | 0.70 | 2.30 | 0.421 | |
65–74 | 4.3 | 1.49 | 0.84 | 2.62 | 0.172 | 1.22 | 0.64 | 2.33 | 0.542 | 1.05 | 0.60 | 1.84 | 0.853 | |
75+ | 3.5 | 1.22 | 0.67 | 2.24 | 0.517 | 1.15 | 0.56 | 2.35 | 0.710 | 0.94 | 0.51 | 1.72 | 0.830 | |
Housing tenure | Owner occ. (ref) | 5.4 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | 0.002 c | 1 | 0.002 c | ||||||
Social renter | 3.2 | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.010 | 0.66 | 0.41 | 1.05 | 0.078 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 1.06 | 0.086 | |
Private renter | 3.0 | 0.55 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.001 | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.83 | 0.004 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 0.005 | |
Equivalised household income quintiles | Highest (ref) | 7.2 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | 0.002 c | 1 | <0.001 c | ||||||
2 | 5.2 | 0.72 | 0.48 | 1.07 | 0.100 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 1.12 | 0.162 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 1.13 | 0.170 | |
3 | 4.6 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.96 | 0.032 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 1.14 | 0.158 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 1.15 | 0.173 | |
4 | 5.3 | 0.73 | 0.50 | 1.05 | 0.085 | 0.91 | 0.60 | 1.39 | 0.672 | 0.91 | 0.62 | 1.34 | 0.638 | |
Lowest | 3.3 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.67 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 1.02 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.96 | 0.032 | |
Unknown | 2.9 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.79 | 0.003 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.002 | |
Employment status | Employed (ref) | 5.2 | 1 | 0.001 c | 1 | 0.089 c | ||||||||
Unemployed | 4.2 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 1.71 | 0.570 | 1.12 | 0.50 | 2.50 | 0.777 | |||||
Inactive | 3.5 | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.85 | 0.001 | 0.77 | 0.53 | 1.12 | 0.173 | |||||
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) | Highest (least deprived) (ref) | 4.4 | 1 | 0.705 c | 1 | 0.251 c | ||||||||
2 | 4.8 | 1.09 | 0.75 | 1.59 | 0.648 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 1.74 | 0.382 | |||||
3 | 5.2 | 1.19 | 0.82 | 1.72 | 0.356 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 1.97 | 0.113 | |||||
4 | 3.9 | 0.88 | 0.60 | 1.30 | 0.529 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 1.61 | 0.696 | |||||
Lowest (most deprived) | 4.5 | 1.01 | 0.67 | 1.54 | 0.950 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 2.13 | 0.236 | |||||
Population density | Urban | 4.4 | 1 | 0.370 c | ||||||||||
Suburban/small town | 5.0 | 1.13 | 0.77 | 1.66 | 0.523 | |||||||||
Rural | 5.1 | 1.17 | 0.78 | 1.74 | 0.443 |
Factors | % | Unadjusted | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMD | Odds Ratios | CI Lower | CI Upper | p Value | Odds Ratios | CI Lower | CI Upper | p Value | Odds Ratios | CI Lower | CI Upper | p Value | ||
Storm/flood damage to home | No (ref) | 16.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Yes | 23.1 | 1.50 | 1.13 | 1.99 | 0.005 | 1.81 | 1.34 | 2.44 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.08 | 2.07 | 0.014 | |
Sex | Male (ref) | 13.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Female | 20.6 | 1.72 | 1.48 | 2 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 1.43 | 1.95 | <0.001 | 2.05 | 1.71 | 2.46 | <0.001 | |
Age group | 16–24 (ref) | 18.8 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | <0.001 c | ||||||
25–34 | 19.1 | 1.01 | 0.77 | 1.33 | 0.944 | 1.19 | 0.88 | 1.60 | 0.252 | 0.92 | 0.67 | 1.25 | 0.584 | |
35–44 | 19.3 | 1.03 | 0.79 | 1.34 | 0.835 | 1.30 | 0.97 | 1.76 | 0.082 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 1.25 | 0.505 | |
45–54 | 18.9 | 1.01 | 0.79 | 1.3 | 0.932 | 1.38 | 1.03 | 1.85 | 0.031 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.98 | 0.040 | |
55–64 | 17.9 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 1.22 | 0.638 | 1.09 | 0.81 | 1.47 | 0.577 | 0.51 | 0.36 | 0.71 | <0.001 | |
65–74 | 11.4 | 0.56 | 0.41 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.70 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.41 | <0.001 | |
75+ | 8.8 | 0.41 | 0.3 | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.45 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.21 | <0.001 | |
Housing tenure | Owner occ. (ref) | 13.3 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | 0.003 c | 1 | 0.933 c | ||||||
Social renter | 28.7 | 2.62 | 2.21 | 3.11 | <0.001 | 1.71 | 1.41 | 2.07 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 1.30 | 0.718 | |
Private renter | 19.4 | 1.58 | 1.33 | 1.88 | <0.001 | 1.28 | 1.05 | 1.57 | 0.014 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 1.31 | 0.708 | |
Employment status | Employed (ref) | 14.6 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | 0.152 c | ||||||
Unemployed | 25.1 | 1.96 | 1.37 | 2.81 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 1.00 | 2.14 | 0.048 | 1.17 | 0.75 | 1.84 | 0.492 | |
Inactive | 20.1 | 1.48 | 1.28 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.96 | 1.63 | 2.36 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.06 | 1.61 | 0.012 | |
Equivalised household income quintiles | Highest (ref) | 11.9 | <0.001 c | 1 | 0.112 c | 1 | 0.583 c | |||||||
2 | 12 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 1.34 | 0.945 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 1.35 | 0.947 | 0.91 | 0.67 | 1.24 | 0.553 | |
3 | 16.2 | 1.43 | 1.1 | 1.85 | 0.008 | 1.25 | 0.95 | 1.65 | 0.116 | 1.07 | 0.79 | 1.44 | 0.667 | |
4 | 17.1 | 1.53 | 1.17 | 1.98 | 0.002 | 1.12 | 0.84 | 1.49 | 0.454 | 0.85 | 0.62 | 1.16 | 0.303 | |
Lowest | 26.8 | 2.70 | 2.11 | 3.45 | <0.001 | 1.47 | 1.11 | 1.95 | 0.008 | 1.05 | 0.76 | 1.44 | 0.787 | |
Unknown | 17.5 | 1.59 | 1.23 | 2.06 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 0.93 | 1.65 | 0.142 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 1.30 | 0.829 | |
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) | Highest (least deprived) (ref) | 10.8 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | 0.002 c | ||||||
2 | 13.7 | 1.32 | 1.03 | 1.69 | 0.028 | 1.25 | 0.97 | 1.60 | 0.082 | 1.20 | 0.92 | 1.58 | 0.177 | |
3 | 16.0 | 1.58 | 1.26 | 1.98 | <0.001 | 1.41 | 1.11 | 1.78 | 0.005 | 1.22 | 0.94 | 1.58 | 0.126 | |
4 | 20.4 | 2.13 | 1.66 | 2.74 | <0.001 | 1.70 | 1.29 | 2.23 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.08 | 1.93 | 0.013 | |
Lowest (most deprived) | 23.9 | 2.62 | 2.06 | 3.34 | <0.001 | 1.75 | 1.35 | 2.26 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.08 | 1.88 | 0.013 | |
Arrears | Not in arrears (ref) | 14.9 | 1 | 1 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Arrears | 41.3 | 4.02 | 3.27 | 4.94 | <0.001 | 2.09 | 1.60 | 2.74 | <0.001 | |||||
General health | Excellent (ref) | 6.0 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | <0.001 c | ||||||||
Very good | 10.8 | 1.87 | 1.39 | 2.52 | <0.001 | 2.06 | 1.52 | 2.80 | 0.177 | |||||
Good | 18.6 | 3.54 | 2.64 | 4.75 | <0.001 | 4.09 | 3.01 | 5.55 | 0.126 | |||||
Fair | 31.1 | 6.98 | 5.22 | 9.34 | <0.001 | 10.17 | 7.34 | 14.10 | 0.013 | |||||
Poor | 55.0 | 18.97 | 13.95 | 25.79 | <0.001 | 28.94 | 20.04 | 41.81 | 0.013 | |||||
Alcohol use | Low/no risk (ref) | 15.9 | 1 | <0.001 c | 1 | <0.001 c | ||||||||
Hazardous | 16.9 | 1.06 | 0.87 | 1.30 | 0.546 | 1.30 | 1.03 | 1.63 | 0.024 | |||||
Harmful | 41.6 | 3.69 | 2.67 | 5.10 | <0.001 | 2.95 | 2.00 | 4.36 | <0.001 |
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Graham, H.; White, P.; Cotton, J.; McManus, S. Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England’s Mental Health Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183256
Graham H, White P, Cotton J, McManus S. Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England’s Mental Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183256
Chicago/Turabian StyleGraham, Hilary, Piran White, Jacqui Cotton, and Sally McManus. 2019. "Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England’s Mental Health Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183256
APA StyleGraham, H., White, P., Cotton, J., & McManus, S. (2019). Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England’s Mental Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183256