Socioeconomic Inequalities in the HIV Testing during Antenatal Care in Vietnamese Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Source Data
2.2. Independent and Explanatory Variables
2.2.1. Independent Variable
2.2.2. Selected Explanatory Variables
2.2.3. Ethnic Groups
2.3. Measurement of Socioeconomic Inequality
2.3.1. Concentration Index
2.3.2. Concentration Curve
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Research Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Individual and Household Characteristics of Women Aged 15–49 | |
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Age group | ||
15–19 | 80 | 5.4 |
20–34 | 1239 | 83.5 |
35–49 | 165 | 11.1 |
Ethnicity | ||
Minority | 252 | 17.0 |
Kinh | 1232 | 83.0 |
Educational level | ||
Primary or less | 252 | 17.0 |
Lower secondary school | 536 | 36.1 |
Upper secondary school and tertiary | 696 | 46.9 |
Living area | ||
Urban | 433 | 29.2 |
Rural | 1051 | 70.8 |
Socioeconomic status | ||
Poorest | 298 | 20.1 |
Poorer | 292 | 19.7 |
Middle | 297 | 20.0 |
Richer | 318 | 21.4 |
Richest | 279 | 18.8 |
Characteristics | Women Who Received HIV Testing during ANC | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
% | 95%CI | ||
Age group | 0.1664 | ||
15–19 | 21.8 | 12.6–35.0 | |
20–34 | 29.8 | 26.3–33.6 | |
35–49 | 35.6 | 27.4–44.6 | |
Ethnicity | 0.0000 *** | ||
Minority | 8.5 | 5.1–13.6 | |
Kinh | 34.4 | 30.6–38.6 | |
Educational level | 0.0000 *** | ||
Primary or less | 17.0 | 12.1–23.5 | |
Lower secondary school | 25.3 | 20.9–30.3 | |
Upper secondary school and tertiary | 38.4 | 33.6–43.4 | |
Living area | 0.0000 *** | ||
Urban | 42.2 | 6.79–8.75 | |
Rural | 25.0 | 20.8–29.7 | |
Socioeconomic status | 0.0000 *** | ||
Poorest | 8.7 | 5.7–13.2 | |
Poorer | 20.5 | 15.5–26.7 | |
Middle | 34.9 | 28.0–42.6 | |
Richer | 36.5 | 30.0–43.6 | |
Richest | 50.1 | 42.4–57.8 |
Characteristics | Women Who Received HIV Testing during ANC | |
---|---|---|
CCI | SE | |
Age group | ||
15–19 | 0.4 ** | 0.13 |
20–34 | 0.3 *** | 0.03 |
35–49 | 0.3 *** | 0.06 |
Ethnicity | ||
Minority | 0.5 *** | 0.11 |
Kinh | 0.2 *** | 0.03 |
Educational level | ||
Primary or less | 0.4 *** | 0.08 |
Lower secondary school | 0.2 *** | 0.05 |
Upper secondary school and tertiary | 0.2 *** | 0.03 |
Living area | ||
Urban | 0.1 *** | 0.04 |
Rural | 0.3 *** | 0.04 |
Characteristics | Women Who Received HIV Testing during ANC | |
---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | |
Age group | ||
15–19 | 1 | - |
20–34 | 0.77 | 0.4–1.6 |
35–49 | 1.01 | 0.5–2.2 |
Ethnicity | ||
Minority | 1 | - |
Kinh | 2.52 ** | 1.4–4.7 |
Educational level | ||
Primary or less | 1 | - |
Lower secondary school | 1.09 | 0.7–1.7 |
Upper secondary school and tertiary | 1.37 | 0.9–2.2 |
Living area | ||
Urban | 1 | - |
Rural | 0.82 | 0.5–1.3 |
Socioeconomic status | ||
Poorest | 1 | - |
Poorer | 1.81 | 0.9–3.3 |
Middle | 3.38 *** | 1.9–6.2 |
Richer | 3.30 *** | 1.7–6.3 |
Richest | 4.99 *** | 2.4–10.3 |
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Chu, D.-T.; Vo, H.-L.; Tran, D.-K.; Nguyen Si Anh, H.; Bao Hoang, L.; Tran Nhu, P.; Nguyen Ngoc, K.; Thu Nguyen, T.; Pham Van, Q.; Tien, N.L.B.; et al. Socioeconomic Inequalities in the HIV Testing during Antenatal Care in Vietnamese Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183240
Chu D-T, Vo H-L, Tran D-K, Nguyen Si Anh H, Bao Hoang L, Tran Nhu P, Nguyen Ngoc K, Thu Nguyen T, Pham Van Q, Tien NLB, et al. Socioeconomic Inequalities in the HIV Testing during Antenatal Care in Vietnamese Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183240
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Dinh-Toi, Hoang-Long Vo, Dang-Khoa Tran, Hao Nguyen Si Anh, Long Bao Hoang, Phong Tran Nhu, Khanh Nguyen Ngoc, Trang Thu Nguyen, Quyet Pham Van, Nguyen Le Bao Tien, and et al. 2019. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in the HIV Testing during Antenatal Care in Vietnamese Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183240