Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Off-Job Activities on Recovery and Sleep: A Two-Wave Panel Study among Health Care Employees
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Data, and Procedure
2.2. Variables and Instruments
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Analyses
3.2. Panel Analyses
3.3. Short-Term and Long-Term Findings
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical and Practical Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measure | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
2 Gender | −0.05 | ||||||||||||||||||||
3 Mar. status | 0.18 * | −0.12 | |||||||||||||||||||
4 Children | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.37* | ||||||||||||||||||
5 Education | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.14 | −0.08 | |||||||||||||||||
6 Work time | −0.11 | −0.40 ** | −0.20 * | −0.36 ** | 0.20 * | ||||||||||||||||
7 Job level | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.18 * | 0.22 ** | |||||||||||||||
8 Work-rel. | −0.10 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.23 ** | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||
9 Household | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.39 ** | −0.01 | −0.26 ** | −0.19 * | 0.25 ** | |||||||||||||
10 Social | −0.20 * | 0.09 | −0.15 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.05 | −0.14 | 0.19 * | 0.32 ** | ||||||||||||
11 Physical | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.29 ** | |||||||||||
12 Creative | 0.30 ** | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.24 ** | 0.31 ** | ||||||||||
13 Low−effort | −0.12 | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.18 * | 0.23 ** | 0.18 * | |||||||||
14 Nap | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −0.00 | 0.07 | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | ||||||||
15 Cogdet T1 | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.30 ** | −0.25 ** | −0.12 | −0.32 ** | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.00 | −0.05 | 0.17 * | −0.06 | |||||||
16 Emodet T1 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.13 | −0.18 * | −0.12 | −0.23 ** | −0.05 | 0.11 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.10 | −0.08 | 0.67 ** | ||||||
17 Phydet T1 | −0.05 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.07 | −0.15 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.13 | 0.28 ** | 0.40 ** | |||||
18 Sleep T1 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.12 | 0.14 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.24 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.13 | ||||
19 Cogdet T2 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.26 ** | −0.17 * | −0.28 ** | −0.40 ** | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.15 | −0.07 | 0.67 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.15 | −0.17 * | |||
20 Emodet T2 | −0.22 ** | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.06 | 0.08 | −0.00 | −0.16 * | −0.24 ** | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.00 | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.56 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.22 ** | −0.19 * | 0.74 ** | ||
21 Phydet T2 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.00 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.17 * | 0.49 ** | −0.19 * | 0.10 | 0.20 * | |
22 Sleep T2 | 0.09 | 0.14 | −0.12 | −0.16 * | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.01 | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.22 ** | −0.18 * | −0.04 | 0.67 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.27 ** | −0.24 ** |
Predictor Variables Time 1 | Cognitive Detachment Time 1 | Emotional Detachment Time 1 | Physical Detachment Time 1 | Sleep Quality Time 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control Variables: | ||||
Age | −0.01 | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.05 |
Gender | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.10 |
Marital status | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Children at home | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.12 |
Education | −0.21 ** | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Working time | −0.14 ** | −0.11 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
Job level | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.14 |
High-duty Off-job Activities: | ||||
Work-related | −0.26 ** | −0.18 * | −0.07 | −0.16 |
Household/care | −0.02 | −0.11 | −0.19 | −0.05 |
Leisure Off-job Activities: | ||||
Social | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
Physical | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.02 |
Creative | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.04 |
Low-effort | 0.18 * | 0.06 | −0.07 | 0.03 |
Nap taking | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.08 |
Model Test | F(14,160) = 3.03 *** R2 = 0.23 | F(14,159) = 1.37 R2 = 0.12 | F(14,156) = 0.76 R2 = 0.07 | F(14,160) = 0.85 R2 = 0.08 |
Predictor Variables Time 1 | Cognitive Detachment Time 2 | Emotional Detachment Time 2 | Physical Detachment Time 2 | Sleep Quality Time 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time 1 Dependent | 0.54 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.69 *** |
Control Variables: | ||||
Age | −0.02 | −0.18 * | 0.00 | −0.12 |
Gender | −0.05 | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.12 |
Marital status | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Children at home | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
Education | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.13 | −0.01 |
Working time | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.14 | −0.03 |
Job level | −0.14 * | −0.05 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
High-duty Off-job Activities: | ||||
Work-related | −0.24 *** | −0.15 * | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Household/care | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.14 * |
Leisure Off-job Activities: | ||||
Social | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.05 |
Physical | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.16 ** |
Creative | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
Low-effort | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.06 |
Nap taking | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.10 |
Model Test | F(15,157) = 8.76 *** R2 = 0.48 | F(15,157) = 7.40 *** R2 = 0.44 | F(15,153) = 3.78 *** R2 = 0.29 | F(15,158) = 11.85 *** R2 = 0.55 |
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De Jonge, J.; Shimazu, A.; Dollard, M. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Off-Job Activities on Recovery and Sleep: A Two-Wave Panel Study among Health Care Employees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092044
De Jonge J, Shimazu A, Dollard M. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Off-Job Activities on Recovery and Sleep: A Two-Wave Panel Study among Health Care Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):2044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092044
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Jonge, Jan, Akihito Shimazu, and Maureen Dollard. 2018. "Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Off-Job Activities on Recovery and Sleep: A Two-Wave Panel Study among Health Care Employees" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 2044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092044
APA StyleDe Jonge, J., Shimazu, A., & Dollard, M. (2018). Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Off-Job Activities on Recovery and Sleep: A Two-Wave Panel Study among Health Care Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 2044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092044