Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Evidence from Observational Studies
1.2. Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials
1.3. Possible Adverse Effects Cannot Be Categorically Excluded
2. Conclusions
Other Recommendations to Limit Respiratory Infections
- Not smoking and avoiding smoky environments. Smokers have more respiratory infections, illnesses, and complications [23].
- If someone in the house is sick, avoid antipyretics to treat fever as much as possible: they might increase and extend the transmission of associated infections. [24] At the population level, the data suggest that fever suppression increases the expected number of influenza cases and deaths in the United States, with an estimated increase of 5% (95% CI: 0.2–12.1%) [25].
- Practicing other healthy habits: Avoid overwork and ensure rest, because stress lowers defenses. Eat and drink healthy foods, and exercise regularly (while avoiding over-exercise) to maintain optimal immune function
- Avoiding closed and crowded places in the weeks in which the influenza epidemic is locally occurring, preferring low-traffic hours or/and wearing masks (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.40; Number Needed to Treat (NNT) = 6, 4.54 to 8.03) [26].
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Outcomes | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | RR, 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal deaths | 2 | - | 4.96, 95% CI 0.24–103.24 |
Stillbirth | 15 | 9 | 1.32, 95% CI 0.73–2.38 |
Death in the first week of life | 12 | 10 | |
Infant death up to 175 days after birth | 15 | 21 | 0.71, 95% CI 0.37–1.37 |
Local and systemic reactions | Clear disadvantage for the vaccinated women | ||
NNV (to avoid 1 influenza) | 55 and 56 (for mothers and for infants, respectively) [14] |
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Donzelli, A. Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034
Donzelli A. Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonzelli, Alberto. 2018. "Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034