Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Evidence from Observational Studies
1.2. Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials
1.3. Possible Adverse Effects Cannot Be Categorically Excluded
2. Conclusions
Other Recommendations to Limit Respiratory Infections
- Not smoking and avoiding smoky environments. Smokers have more respiratory infections, illnesses, and complications [23].
- If someone in the house is sick, avoid antipyretics to treat fever as much as possible: they might increase and extend the transmission of associated infections. [24] At the population level, the data suggest that fever suppression increases the expected number of influenza cases and deaths in the United States, with an estimated increase of 5% (95% CI: 0.2–12.1%) [25].
- Practicing other healthy habits: Avoid overwork and ensure rest, because stress lowers defenses. Eat and drink healthy foods, and exercise regularly (while avoiding over-exercise) to maintain optimal immune function
- Avoiding closed and crowded places in the weeks in which the influenza epidemic is locally occurring, preferring low-traffic hours or/and wearing masks (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.40; Number Needed to Treat (NNT) = 6, 4.54 to 8.03) [26].
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Outcomes | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | RR, 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal deaths | 2 | - | 4.96, 95% CI 0.24–103.24 |
Stillbirth | 15 | 9 | 1.32, 95% CI 0.73–2.38 |
Death in the first week of life | 12 | 10 | |
Infant death up to 175 days after birth | 15 | 21 | 0.71, 95% CI 0.37–1.37 |
Local and systemic reactions | Clear disadvantage for the vaccinated women | ||
NNV (to avoid 1 influenza) | 55 and 56 (for mothers and for infants, respectively) [14] |
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Donzelli, A. Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034
Donzelli A. Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonzelli, Alberto. 2018. "Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034
APA StyleDonzelli, A. (2018). Influenza Vaccinations for All Pregnant Women? Better Evidence Is Needed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092034