Do Progestin-Only Contraceptives Contribute to the Risk of Developing Depression as Implied by Beta-Arrestin 1 Levels in Leukocytes? A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participant Recruitment
2.2. HAM-D Scores
2.3. Isolation of Mononuclear Leukocytes
2.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. HAM-D Scores
3.3. β-AR 1 Protein Levels
3.4. Potential Confounders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Women (n) = 29 | NC (n = 7, 24%) | COC (n = 10, 34%) | POC (n = 12, 41%) |
---|---|---|---|
Black | 5 | 8 | 12 |
White | 2 | 2 | - |
Age (Average, Range) | 31 (32–38) | 28 (24–36) | 29 (19–38) |
Weight (Average, Range) | 237 (170–360) | 188 (126–240) | 173 (116–254) |
NC vs. POC, p = 0.05 * | |||
NC vs. COC, p = 0.19 | |||
COC vs. POC, p = 0.75 | |||
Smoker | 3 | - | 2 |
Nonsmoker | 4 | 10 | 10 |
Pregnancies (Average, Range) | 2 (0–5) | 0 (0–1) | 2 (0–5) |
Children # (Average, Range) | 2 (0–4) | 0 | 2 (0–4) |
Contraceptives (Name, Number) | Essure® 1 | Orthro Tri-Cyclen® 3 | Mini-Pill (Norethindrone) 2 |
Paragard® 1 | Necon 1/35® 2 | IUD (Mirena®) 4 | |
No contraceptive 5 | Junel Fe 1/20® 2 | IUD (Kyleena®) 1 | |
Generic Yaz 1 | Implant (Nexplanon®) 4 | ||
Lo Loestrin Fe® 2 | Injection (Depo Provera®) 1 |
Core Symptoms | NC | COC | POC | NC/COC (p Value) | NC/POC p Value) | COC/POC (p Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressed mood | 1.0 ± 0.25 | 0.88 ± 0.35 | 2.0 ± 0.37 | >0.99 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
Work & activities | 0.83 ± 0.4 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 1.44 ± 0.37 | >0.99 | 0.64 | 0.08 |
Feelings of guilt | 0.33 ± 0.21 | 0.33 ± 0.23 | 1.2 ± 0.32 | >0.99 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
Agitation | 0.5 ± 0.34 | 0.5 ± 0.33 | 1.0 ± 0.23 | >0.99 | 0.85 | 0.86 |
Early insomnia | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 1.11 ± 0.3 | >0.99 | 0.04 * | 0.15 |
Middle insomnia | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.33 ± 0.16 | 1.2 ± 0.27 | >0.99 | 0.01 * | 0.02 * |
Late insomnia | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.24 | 0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.78 | 0.25 | >0.99 |
Psychological anxiety | 0.33 ± 0.21 | 0.44 ± 0.24 | 1.6 ± 0.37 | >0.99 | 0.02 * | 0.01 * |
Somatic anxiety | 0.66 ± 0.33 | 0.77 ± 0.32 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | >0.99 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
Somatic symptoms | >0.99 | 0.22 ± 0.14 | 0.77 ± 0.22 | >0.99 | 0.02 * | 0.07 |
Outcomes | NC | COC | POC |
---|---|---|---|
β-AR 1 (Mean ± SEM) | 4.44 ± 0.40 | 3.57 ± 0.76 | 2.87 ± 0.39 |
NC vs. POC, p = 0.03 * | |||
NC vs. COC, p = 0.81 | |||
COC vs. POC, p = 0.052 | |||
HAM-D (Mean ± SEM) | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 2.04 | 17.6 ± 2.15 |
NC vs. POC, p = 0.004 ** | |||
NC vs. COC, p = 0.42 | |||
COC vs. POC, p = 0.0004 *** |
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Smith, K.; Nayyar, S.; Rana, T.; Archibong, A.E.; Looney, K.R.; Nayyar, T. Do Progestin-Only Contraceptives Contribute to the Risk of Developing Depression as Implied by Beta-Arrestin 1 Levels in Leukocytes? A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091966
Smith K, Nayyar S, Rana T, Archibong AE, Looney KR, Nayyar T. Do Progestin-Only Contraceptives Contribute to the Risk of Developing Depression as Implied by Beta-Arrestin 1 Levels in Leukocytes? A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091966
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Keisha, Sanket Nayyar, Tanu Rana, Anthony E. Archibong, Kimberly R. Looney, and Tultul Nayyar. 2018. "Do Progestin-Only Contraceptives Contribute to the Risk of Developing Depression as Implied by Beta-Arrestin 1 Levels in Leukocytes? A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091966