Factors Associated with Substance Use and Sexual Behavior among Drug Users in Three Mountainous Provinces of Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Participants Recruitment
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Measures and Instruments
2.4.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.4.2. Substance Use
2.4.3. Tobacco and Alcohol Use
2.4.4. Sexual Behavior
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethics Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Ethnicity | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinh | Others | Total | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Age group | |||||||
<30 | 23 | 13.1 | 28 | 22.6 | 51 | 17.0 | <0.05 |
30–39 | 59 | 33.5 | 49 | 39.5 | 108 | 36.0 | |
40–49 | 73 | 41.5 | 34 | 27.4 | 107 | 35.7 | |
≥50 | 21 | 11.9 | 13 | 10.5 | 34 | 11.3 | |
Education | |||||||
<High school | 81 | 46.3 | 87 | 70.2 | 168 | 56.2 | <0.01 |
High school | 75 | 42.9 | 30 | 24.2 | 105 | 35.1 | |
>High school | 19 | 10.9 | 7 | 5.7 | 26 | 8.7 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 45 | 25.6 | 34 | 27.4 | 79 | 26.3 | <0.01 |
Live with spouse/partner | 95 | 54.0 | 82 | 66.1 | 177 | 59.0 | |
Widow/Divorced | 36 | 20.5 | 8 | 6.5 | 44 | 14.7 | |
Occupation | |||||||
Unemployment | 14 | 8.0 | 10 | 8.1 | 24 | 8.0 | 0.08 |
Freelancer | 140 | 79.6 | 109 | 87.9 | 249 | 83.0 | |
Worker/White-collar worker | 8 | 4.6 | 1 | 0.8 | 9 | 3.0 | |
Others | 14 | 8.0 | 4 | 3.2 | 18 | 6.0 | |
Having any health problem in the last 30 days | |||||||
No | 153 | 86.9 | 113 | 91.1 | 266 | 88.7 | 0.26 |
Yes | 23 | 13.1 | 11 | 8.9 | 34 | 11.3 | |
Health status | |||||||
HBV | 27 | 15.3 | 8 | 6.5 | 35 | 11.7 | <0.05 |
HCV | 47 | 26.7 | 26 | 21.1 | 73 | 24.4 | 0.27 |
Opportunistic infections | 3 | 1.7 | 3 | 2.4 | 6 | 2.0 | 0.48 |
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) | 16 | 9.1 | 16 | 12.9 | 32 | 10.7 | 0.29 |
Characteristics | Ethnicity | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinh | Others | Total | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Types of drug use | |||||||
Heroin | 84 | 60.4 | 57 | 61.3 | 141 | 60.8 | 0.53 |
Opiates | 52 | 37.4 | 36 | 38.7 | 88 | 37.9 | |
Others | 3 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.3 | |
Drug injecting | |||||||
No | 50 | 28.4 | 45 | 36.3 | 95 | 31.7 | 0.15 |
Yes | 126 | 71.6 | 79 | 63.7 | 205 | 68.3 | |
Re-use of needles | |||||||
No | 160 | 90.9 | 113 | 91.1 | 273 | 91.0 | 0.95 |
Yes | 16 | 9.1 | 11 | 8.9 | 27 | 9.0 | |
Duration of drug use | |||||||
<2 years | 7 | 4.3 | 6 | 5.7 | 13 | 4.8 | 0.99 |
2–5 years | 48 | 29.3 | 31 | 29.3 | 79 | 29.3 | |
5–10 years | 56 | 34.2 | 34 | 32.1 | 90 | 33.3 | |
10–20 years | 41 | 25.0 | 27 | 25.5 | 68 | 25.2 | |
>20 years | 12 | 7.3 | 8 | 7.6 | 20 | 7.4 | |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age of initial drug use (year) | 21.3 | 7.8 | 19.0 | 7.6 | 20.3 | 7.8 | <0.05 |
Daily cost for drug use (thousand VND) | 314.7 | 384.2 | 279.5 | 207.2 | 300.4 | 323.8 | 0.87 |
Characteristics | Ethnicity | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinh | Others | Total | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Currently smoke | |||||||
No | 22 | 12.5 | 16 | 12.9 | 38 | 12.7 | 0.92 |
Yes | 154 | 87.5 | 108 | 87.1 | 262 | 87.3 | |
Alcohol Use | |||||||
No | 87 | 49.7 | 49 | 39.5 | 136 | 45.5 | 0.08 |
Yes | 88 | 50.3 | 75 | 60.5 | 163 | 54.5 | |
Frequency of alcohol use | |||||||
1–2 times/month | 24 | 27.3 | 14 | 18.7 | 38 | 23.3 | 0.32 |
1–2 times/week | 17 | 19.3 | 19 | 25.3 | 36 | 22.1 | |
3–4 times/week | 5 | 5.7 | 4 | 5.3 | 9 | 5.5 | |
1 time/day | 20 | 22.7 | 25 | 33.3 | 45 | 27.6 | |
>2 times/day | 22 | 25.0 | 13 | 17.3 | 35 | 21.5 | |
Average alcohol consumption | |||||||
Sometimes | 36 | 42.9 | 24 | 33.8 | 60 | 38.7 | 0.53 |
25 mL/day | 18 | 21.4 | 24 | 33.8 | 42 | 27.1 | |
50–100 mL/day | 15 | 17.9 | 11 | 15.5 | 26 | 16.8 | |
250 mL/day | 12 | 14.3 | 10 | 14.1 | 22 | 14.2 | |
≥500 mL/day | 3 | 3.6 | 2 | 2.8 | 5 | 3.2 |
Characteristics | Ethnicity | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinh | Others | Total | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Using condoms during the last time having sex | |||||||
No | 85 | 50.0 | 58 | 48.3 | 143 | 49.3 | 0.78 |
Yes | 85 | 50.0 | 62 | 51.7 | 147 | 50.7 | |
Had sex with female sex workers | |||||||
No | 136 | 79.5 | 107 | 89.2 | 243 | 83.5 | <0.05 |
Yes | 35 | 20.5 | 13 | 10.8 | 48 | 16.5 | |
Using condoms when having sex with female sex workers last month | |||||||
No | 13 | 76.5 | 7 | 58.3 | 20 | 69.0 | 0.30 |
Yes | 4 | 23.5 | 5 | 41.7 | 9 | 31.0 | |
Had sex with female sex workers who inject drugs | |||||||
No | 39 | 88.6 | 16 | 94.1 | 55 | 90.2 | 0.46 |
Yes | 5 | 11.4 | 1 | 5.9 | 6 | 9.8 | |
Regularity of using condoms when having sex with female sex workers who inject drugs | |||||||
No | 2 | 40.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 33.3 | 0.67 |
Yes | 3 | 60.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 4 | 66.7 | |
Spouse/partner has injected drugs | |||||||
No | 152 | 99.4 | 106 | 97.3 | 258 | 98.5 | 0.20 |
Yes | 1 | 0.7 | 3 | 2.8 | 4 | 1.5 | |
Had sex with male partners | |||||||
No | 169 | 99.4 | 118 | 99.2 | 287 | 99.3 | 0.66 |
Yes | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.7 |
Characteristics | Drug Injecting | Re-Use of Needles | Using Condom during the Last Time Having Sex | Had Sex with Female Sex Workers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Age groups (vs. <30) | ||||||||
30–39 | 1.49 | 0.82; 2.69 | 0.67 | 0.38; 1.20 | ||||
Education (vs. <High school) | ||||||||
High school | 0.58 * | 0.33; 1.02 | 2.43 ** | 1.18; 5.04 | ||||
> High school | 0.44 | 0.16; 1.22 | ||||||
Marital status (vs. Single) | ||||||||
Live with spouse/partner | 0.52 ** | 0.28; 0.96 | 0.42 *** | 0.24; 0.73 | 0.36 *** | 0.17; 0.77 | ||
Occupation (vs. Unemployment) | ||||||||
Worker/White-collar worker | 0.17 * | 0.03; 1.02 | 8.84 ** | 1.53; 51.15 | ||||
Drug injecting (Yes vs. No) | 2.53 ** | 1.02; 6.29 | ||||||
Duration of drugs use (vs. <2 years) | ||||||||
2–5 years | 0.47 * | 0.20; 1.12 | ||||||
5–10 years | 0.65 | 0.36; 1.17 | ||||||
>20 years | 3.73 * | 0.97; 14.29 | ||||||
Currently smoke (Yes vs. No) | 1.89 * | 0.89; 4.01 | 1.76 | 0.81; 3.83 | ||||
Had sex with female sex workers (Yes vs. No) | 1.92 | 0.81; 4.56 | ||||||
Health problems in the last 30 days (Yes vs. No) | 2.58 ** | 1.05; 6.32 | ||||||
Health status | ||||||||
HBV (Yes vs. No) | 2.73 * | 0.93; 7.99 | ||||||
HCV (Yes vs. No) | 3.03 *** | 1.44; 6.38 | 0.5 | 0.20; 1.25 | ||||
Opportunistic infections (Yes vs. No) | 10.11 ** | 1.16; 88.17 | 3.49 | 0.56; 21.70 | ||||
Antiretroviral therapy—ART (Yes vs. No) | 4.43 * | 0.96; 20.56 | 16.40 *** | 5.71; 47.07 | 4.60 *** | 1.51; 13.97 | ||
Constant | 1.12 | 0.47; 2.66 | 0.04 *** | 0.02; 0.08 | 1.38 | 0.57; 3.34 | 0.12 *** | 0.04; 0.35 |
Observations | 281 | 244 | 252 | 259 |
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Share and Cite
Tran, B.X.; Mai, H.T.; Fleming, M.; Do, H.N.; Nguyen, T.M.T.; Vuong, Q.H.; Ho, M.T.; Van Dam, N.; Vuong, T.T.; Ha, G.H.; et al. Factors Associated with Substance Use and Sexual Behavior among Drug Users in Three Mountainous Provinces of Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091885
Tran BX, Mai HT, Fleming M, Do HN, Nguyen TMT, Vuong QH, Ho MT, Van Dam N, Vuong TT, Ha GH, et al. Factors Associated with Substance Use and Sexual Behavior among Drug Users in Three Mountainous Provinces of Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091885
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Bach Xuan, Hue Thi Mai, Mercedes Fleming, Ha Ngoc Do, Tam Minh Thi Nguyen, Quan Hoang Vuong, Manh Tung Ho, Nhue Van Dam, Thu Trang Vuong, Giang Hai Ha, and et al. 2018. "Factors Associated with Substance Use and Sexual Behavior among Drug Users in Three Mountainous Provinces of Vietnam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091885