Water Quality of Inflows to the Everglades National Park over Three Decades (1985–2014) Analyzed by Multivariate Statistical Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data Source
2.2. Seasonal Trend Decomposition Using the Loess (STL) Method
2.3. Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3. Results
3.1. Basic Statistics of the Monthly Measured Data at Each Station
3.2. Trend Analysis
3.2.1. DO, pH, and Turbidity
3.2.2. NH4–N, TKN, and TN
3.2.3. PO4–P and TP
3.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis Results
3.3.1. Cluster Analysis
3.3.2. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Linkage of Water Quality Change with Precipitation
4.2. Correlation of Water Quality and Management
4.3. Management Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality Parameter | Detection Limit * | Analytical Method # |
---|---|---|
DO | 0.1 mg/L | EPA 360.1 |
pH | - | EPA 150.1 |
Turbidity | 0.1 NTU @ | SM 2130B |
NH4–N | 0.008 mg/L | SM 4500-NH3H |
NOX–N | 0.004 mg/L | SM 4500NO3F |
TKN | 0.05 mg/L | EPA 351.2 |
PO4–P | 0.002 mg/L | SM4500PF |
TP | 0.002 mg/L | SM 4500PF |
Parameters | S12A | S12B | S12C | S12D | S333 | S332 | S18C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DO (mg L−1) | Max | 15.4 | 11.6 | 8.4 | 14 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 11.4 |
Min | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |
Mean | 4.40 | 5.79 | 3.89 | 3.70 | 3.59 | 3.42 | 5.17 | |
SD | 1.65 | 1.72 | 1.57 | 1.66 | 1.47 | 1.95 | 1.47 | |
pH | Max | 9.71 | 8.95 | 9.26 | 8.85 | 8.52 | 8.76 | 8.89 |
Min | 5.80 | 5.90 | 5.80 | 5.90 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 5.35 | |
Mean | 7.26 | 7.22 | 7.19 | 7.26 | 7.28 | 7.28 | 7.45 | |
SD | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.27 | |
Turbidity (NTU) | Max | 11.60 | 16.40 | 9.10 | 12.80 | 20.00 | 15.00 | 25.00 |
Min | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.69 | 0.44 | |
Mean | 1.51 | 1.44 | 1.37 | 1.63 | 1.7 | 2.57 | 1.82 | |
SD | 1.45 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 1.53 | 1.92 | 1.76 | 1.92 | |
NH4–N (mg L−1) | Max | 1.00 | 1.36 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.49 |
Min | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 | |
Mean | 0.048 | 0.053 | 0.041 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.145 | 0.027 | |
SD | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 0.049 | 0.098 | 0.049 | |
TKN (mg L−1) | Max | 7.80 | 2.81 | 3.52 | 3.21 | 3.88 | 2.36 | 2.78 |
Min | 0.025 | 0.25 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.025 | 0.25 | 0.025 | |
Mean | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 0.84 | 0.67 | |
SD | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.33 | |
Total nitrogen (TN) (mg L−1) | Max | 7.85 | 2.81 | 3.53 | 4.4 | 5.25 | 3.28 | 2.95 |
Min | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.26 | 0.25 | |
Mean | 1.20 | 1.25 | 1.29 | 1.37 | 1.44 | 0.92 | 0.76 | |
S.D | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | |
PO4–P (mg L−1) | Max | 0.062 | 0.057 | 0.134 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.02 | 0.017 |
Min | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Mean | 0.0037 | 0.0035 | 0.0038 | 0.0044 | 0.0038 | 0.0030 | 0.0026 | |
SD | 0.0040 | 0.030 | 0.0086 | 0.0049 | 0.0046 | 0.0023 | 0.0046 | |
TP (mg L−1) | Max | 0.25 | 0.48 | 0.13 | 0.068 | 0.093 | 0.057 | 0.056 |
Min | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Mean | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.0085 | 0.0072 | |
SD | 0.14 | 0.094 | 0.015 | 0.0098 | 0.011 | 0.0062 | 0.011 |
Water Quality | DO | pH | Turbidity | NO3–N | NO2–N | NH4–N | TKN | PO4–P | TN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S12D | Pearson Correlation | −0.202 ** | 0.089 | 0.066 | 0.014 | 0.138 * | −0.080 | −0.030 | 0.048 | −0.021 |
Sig. (two-tailed) | 0.001 | 0.147 | 0.282 | 0.822 | 0.023 | 0.192 | 0.621 | 0.434 | 0.728 | |
S332 | Pearson Correlation | −0.292 ** | −0.121 | 0.158 * | −0.032 | 0.050 | −0.003 | −0.141 * | 0.001 | −0.137 * |
Sig. (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.055 | 0.012 | 0.611 | 0.430 | 0.966 | 0.026 | 0.988 | 0.030 |
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Wan, L.; Fan, X. Water Quality of Inflows to the Everglades National Park over Three Decades (1985–2014) Analyzed by Multivariate Statistical Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091882
Wan L, Fan X. Water Quality of Inflows to the Everglades National Park over Three Decades (1985–2014) Analyzed by Multivariate Statistical Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091882
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Lei, and Xiaohui Fan. 2018. "Water Quality of Inflows to the Everglades National Park over Three Decades (1985–2014) Analyzed by Multivariate Statistical Methods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091882