Risk Factors for Ventricular Septal Defects in Murmansk County, Russia: A Registry-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Selected Risk Factors
4.1.1. Smoking during Pregnancy
4.1.2. Sex of the Baby
4.1.3. Alcohol Abuse during Pregnancy
4.1.4. Drug Abuse During Pregnancy
4.1.5. Diabetes
4.1.6. Folic Acid and Multivitamins
4.2. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ICD-10 Code b | CVM | Cases | Prevalence c | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | |||
Q20 | Congenital malformations of cardiac chambers and connections | 14 | 1.9 | 0.27 (0.2–0.5) |
Q21 | Septal defects | 492 | 66.1 | 9.4 (8.6–10.3) |
Q22–23 | Valves defects | 32 | 4.3 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
Q24 | Other congenital malformations of the heart | 51 | 6.9 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
Q25–27 | Vessels anomalies | 88 | 11.8 | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) |
Q28 | Other congenital malformations of the circulatory system | 2 | 0.3 | 0.038 (0.037–0.040) |
Multiple | Two or more | 65 | 8.7 | 1.2 (1.0–1.7) |
Q20–28 | All | 744 | 100 | 14.2 (13.2–15.3) |
ICD-10 Code a | CVM | Cases | |
---|---|---|---|
n | % | ||
Q21.0 | Ventricular septal defects | 233 | 47.4 |
Q21.1 | Atrial septal defects | 112 | 22.8 |
Q21.2 | Atrio-ventricular septal defects | 10 | 2.0 |
Q21.3 | Tetralogy of Fallot | 6 | 1.2 |
Q21.4 | Aorto-pulmonary septal defects | 9 | 1.8 |
Q21.8 | Other | 5 | 1.0 |
Q21.9 | Unspecified | 117 | 23.8 |
Q21 | All | 492 | 100 |
Variables | Cases, n = 233 a | Non-Cases, n = 49,230 a | p-Value b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | SD or % | X | SD or % | ||
Infant characteristics | |||||
Birth weight (g), mean ± SD | 3244.4 | 677.6 | 3377.2 | 546.5 | <0.001 |
<2500 | 30 | 12.9 | 2211 | 4.5 | |
2500–3999 | 179 | 76.8 | 41,958 | 85.2 | |
≥4000 | 24 | 10.3 | 5061 | 10.3 | |
Sex, male | 98 | 42.1 | 25,571 | 52.0 | 0.003 |
Maternal characteristics | |||||
Age at delivery (years), mean ± SD | 26.06 | 5.44 | 26.79 | 5.27 | 0.43 |
<18 | 3 | 1.3 | 727 | 1.5 | |
18–35 | 209 | 89.7 | 45,429 | 92.3 | |
>35 | 21 | 9.0 | 3074 | 6.2 | |
Gestational age (weeks), mean ± SD | 39.2 | 2.3 | 39.5 | 2.2 | 0.05 |
BMI (kg/cm2), mean ± SD | 23.37 | 4.57 | 23.49 | 4.28 | 0.67 |
<18.5 | 16 | 6.9 | 3103 | 6.3 | |
18.5–24.9 | 157 | 67.4 | 32,325 | 65.7 | |
25.0–29.9 | 40 | 17.2 | 9712 | 19.7 | |
30.0–34.9 | 15 | 6.4 | 3084 | 6.3 | |
35.0–39.9 | 3 | 1.3 | 782 | 1.6 | |
≥40 | 2 | 0.9 | 224 | 0.5 | |
Smoking during pregnancy | 74 | 31.8 | 12,234 | 24.9 | 0.02 |
Alcohol abuse during pregnancy | 6 | 2.6 | 178 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
Drugs abuse during pregnancy | 4 | 1.7 | 173 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
Folic acid intake during pregnancy | 175 | 75.1 | 36,545 | 74.2 | 0.76 |
Multivitamins intake during pregnancy | 211 | 90.6 | 45,568 | 92.6 | 0.25 |
Diabetes mellitus Type 1 or 2 | 4 | 1.7 | 94 | 0.2 | 0.001 |
Variables | Crude | Adjusted b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Maternal age at delivery (years) | ||||
<18 | 0.90 | 0.29–2.81 | 0.84 | 0.27–2.65 |
18–35 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
>35 | 1.49 | 0.95–2.33 | 1.53 | 0.97–2.41 |
Maternal BMI (kg/cm2) c | ||||
<18.5 | 1.06 | 0.63–1.78 | 1.10 | 0.66–1.85 |
18.5–24.9 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
>25 | 0.90 | 0.66–1.21 | 0.86 | 0.63–1.16 |
Smoking during pregnancy | 1.41 | 1.07–1.86 | 1.35 | 1.02–1.80 |
Alcohol abuse during pregnancy | 7.28 | 3.20–16.60 | 4.83 | 1.88–12.42 |
Drugs abuse during pregnancy | 4.95 | 1.82–13.46 | 2.39 | 0.77–7.44 |
Folic acid intake during pregnancy | 1.05 | 0.78–1.41 | 1.14 | 0.84–1.55 |
Multivitamins intake during pregnancy | 0.77 | 0.50–1.20 | 0.99 | 0.69–1.43 |
Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 | 9.13 | 3.33–25.04 | 8.72 | 3.16–24.07 |
Sex (male) | 0.67 | 0.52–0.87 | 0.67 | 0.52–0.88 |
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Kovalenko, A.A.; Anda, E.E.; Odland, J.Ø.; Nieboer, E.; Brenn, T.; Krettek, A. Risk Factors for Ventricular Septal Defects in Murmansk County, Russia: A Registry-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071320
Kovalenko AA, Anda EE, Odland JØ, Nieboer E, Brenn T, Krettek A. Risk Factors for Ventricular Septal Defects in Murmansk County, Russia: A Registry-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071320
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovalenko, Anton A., Erik Eik Anda, Jon Øyvind Odland, Evert Nieboer, Tormod Brenn, and Alexandra Krettek. 2018. "Risk Factors for Ventricular Septal Defects in Murmansk County, Russia: A Registry-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071320