Comparison of Factors Associated with Fear of Falling between Older Adults with and without a Fall History
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Data Sources
2.2. Design and Sample
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Fear of Falling
2.4.2. Individual Level Characteristics
2.4.3. Environmental Level Characteristics
2.4.4. Fall History
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in FOF According to Individual Characteristics of Participants with and without a Fall History
3.2. Differences in FOF According to Environmental Characteristics of the Participants with and without a Fall History
3.3. Associations between Fall History and Individual and Environment Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Individual Variables | Classification | Total | With Fall History | Without Fall History | t or χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1804) | (n = 5926) | |||||
n (%) or | n (%) or | |||||
M ± SD | M ± SD | |||||
Demographic characteristics | Age (years) | 65–74 | 4616 (59.7) | 961 (53.3) | 3655 (61.7) | 40.631 *** |
≥75 | 3114 (40.3) | 843 (46.7) | 2271 (38.3) | |||
Sex | Male | 3154 (40.8) | 503 (27.9) | 2651 (44.7) | 162.616 *** | |
Female | 4576 (59.2) | 1301 (72.4) | 3275 (55.3) | |||
Marital status | Living with spouse | 4851 (62.8) | 943 (52.3) | 3908 (65.9) | 110.635 *** | |
Living without spouse | 2879 (37.2) | 861 (47.7) | 2018 (34.1) | |||
Educational level (years) | 0–6 | 5089 (65.8) | 1356 (75.2) | 3733 (63.0) | 91.107 *** | |
≥7 | 2641 (34.2) | 448 (24.8) | 2193 (37.0) | |||
Public assistance | Yes | 520 (6.7) | 154 (8.5) | 366 (6.2) | 12.280 *** | |
No | 7210 (93.3) | 1650 (91.5) | 5560 (93.8) | |||
Current driving status | Yes | 1306 (16.9) | 158 (8.8) | 1148 (19.4) | 110.964 *** | |
No | 6424 (83.1) | 1646 (91.2) | 4778 (80.6) | |||
Health-related characteristics | Subjective health status | Poor | 5140 (66.5) | 1469 (81.4) | 3671 (61.9) | 235.623 *** |
Good | 2590 (33.5) | 335 (18.6) | 2255 (38.1) | |||
Limitation of ADLs | Yes | 291 (3.8) | 126 (7.0) | 165 (2.8) | 67.344 *** | |
No | 7439 (96.2) | 1678 (93.0) | 5761 (97.2) | |||
Limitation of IADLs | Yes | 988 (12.8) | 364 (20.2) | 624 (10.5) | 115.468 *** | |
No | 6742 (87.2) | 1440 (79.8) | 5302 (89.5) | |||
Trouble with vision | Yes | 3062 (39.6) | 861 (46.7) | 2201 (37.1) | 64.788 *** | |
No | 4668 (60.4) | 943 (53.3) | 3725 (62.9) | |||
Trouble with hearing | Yes | 1676 (21.7) | 494 (27.4) | 1182 (19.9) | 45.053 *** | |
No | 6054 (78.3) | 1310 (72.6) | 4744 (80.1) | |||
Hypertension | Yes | 4415 (57.1) | 1103 (61.1) | 3312 (55.9) | 15.578 *** | |
No | 3315 (42.9) | 701 (38.9) | 2614 (44.1) | |||
Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 1682 (21.8) | 441 (24.4) | 1241 (20.9) | 9.974 ** | |
No | 6048 (78.2) | 1363 (75.6) | 4685 (79.1) | |||
Arthritis | Yes | 2728 (35.3) | 856 (47.5) | 1872 (31.6) | 152.343 *** | |
No | 5002 (64.7) | 948 (52.5) | 4054 (68.4) | |||
Depression † | 6.61 ± 4.57 | 4.57 ± 4.25 | 17.578 *** |
Environmental Variables | Classification | Total (N = 7730) | With Fall History | Without Fall History | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1804) | (n = 5926) | t or χ2 | |||
n (%) or M ± SD | n (%) or M ± SD | ||||
Residential area | Urban | 5296 (68.4) | 1203 (66.7) | 4093 (77.3) | 3.642 |
Rural | 2434 (31.6) | 601 (33.3) | 1833 (22.7) | ||
Housing type | Apartment | 2249 (29.1) | 522 (28.9) | 1727 (29.1) | 0.029 |
House | 5481 (70.9) | 1282 (71.1) | 4199 (70.9) | ||
Discomfort with the neighborhood environment † | 2.13 ± 0.87 | 1.96 ± 0.96 | 6.802 *** | ||
Accessibility to neighborhood facilities † | 2.28 ± 1.53 | 2.35 ± 1.48 | −1.687 | ||
Social support † | 2.10 ± 0.86 | 2.19 ± 0.84 | −4.040 *** |
Level | Variables | With Fall History | Without Fall History |
---|---|---|---|
(Comparison Group) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Individual | Age (≥75 years) | 1.680 (0.886–3.186) | 2.047 (1.738–2.412) *** |
Sex (Female) | 5.100 (2.488–10.456) *** | 3.337 (2.810–3.962) *** | |
Marital status | 0.538 (0.259–1.119) | 1.075 (0.898–1.288) | |
Educational level (0–6 years) | 1.158 (0.612–2.194) | 1.221 (1.045–1.426) * | |
Public assistance (Yes) | 2.124 (0.456–9.893) | 0.930 (0.648–1.336) | |
Current driving status (Non-driver) | 1.557 (0.773–3.139) | 1.490 (1.250–1.775) *** | |
Subjective health status (Poor) | 1.910 (1.000–3.646) | 1.651 (1.418–1.921) *** | |
Limitation of ADLs (Yes) | 0.554 (0.098–3.122) | 1.029 (0.495–2.140) | |
Limitation of IADLs (Yes) | 1.145 (0.299–4.380) | 1.347 (0.915–1.983) | |
Trouble with vision (Yes) | 1.923 (0.971–3.809) | 1.409 (1.206–1.646) *** | |
Trouble with hearing (Yes) | 1.433 (0.675–3.044) | 1.158 (0.953–1.406) | |
Hypertension (Yes) | 1.292 (0.718–2.325) | 1.073 (0.931–1.236) | |
Diabetes mellitus (Yes) | 1.075 (0.521–2.218) | 1.295 (1.074–1.562) ** | |
Arthritis (Yes) | 1.772 (0.855–3.672) | 1.490 (1.240–1.790) *** | |
Depression † | 1.081 (0.995–1.174) | 1.094 (1.070–1.118) *** | |
Environmental | Residential area (Rural) | 1.230 (0.624–2.426) | 0.968 (0.819–1.143) |
Housing type (House) | 1.173 (0.632–2.175) | 1.146 (0.979–1.341) | |
Discomfort with neighborhood environment † | 1.387 (1.026–1.875) * | 1.305 (1.211–1.406) *** | |
Accessibility to neighborhood facilities † | 0.839 (0.687–1.025) | 0.895 (0.852–0.941) *** | |
Social support † | 0.995 (0.700–1.415) | 0.842 (0.772–0.919) *** |
Level | Variables (Comparison Group) | Model I Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Individual | Age × Fall history | 0.753 (0.398–1.426) | 0.742 (0.389–1.417) |
Sex × Fall history | 1.205 (0.627–2.318) | 1.153 (0.595–2.233) | |
Educational level × Fall history | 1.011 (0.550–1.856) | 0.952 (0.508–1.784) | |
Current driving status × Fall history | 1.058 (0.536–2.089) | 1.014 (0.500–2.057) | |
Subjective health status × Fall history | 1.138 (0.599–2.160) | 1.181 (0.618–2.255) | |
Trouble with vision × Fall history | 1.339 (0.684–2.623) | 1.351 (0.686–2.663) | |
Diabetes mellitus × Fall history | 0.888 (0.427–1.847) | 0.816 (0.391–1.701) | |
Arthritis × Fall history | 1.192 (0.570–2.492) | 1.160 (0.550–2.445) | |
Depression × Fall history | 0.980 (0.905–1.061) | 0.987 (0.909–1.072) | |
Environmental | Discomfort with the neighborhood environment × Fall history | 1.051 (0.776–1.425) | |
Accessibility to neighborhood facilities × Fall history | 0.933 (0.768–1.133) | ||
Social support × Fall history | 1.191 (0.833–1.704) |
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Lee, S.; Oh, E.; Hong, G.-R.S. Comparison of Factors Associated with Fear of Falling between Older Adults with and without a Fall History. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050982
Lee S, Oh E, Hong G-RS. Comparison of Factors Associated with Fear of Falling between Older Adults with and without a Fall History. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050982
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seonhye, Eunmi Oh, and Gwi-Ryung Son Hong. 2018. "Comparison of Factors Associated with Fear of Falling between Older Adults with and without a Fall History" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050982