Dietary Differences in Male Workers among Smaller Occupational Groups within Large Occupational Categories: Findings from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Study Sample
2.4. Dietary Intake
2.5. Socioeconomic Factors
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Occupation | N | % |
---|---|---|
Administrative and managerial workers | ||
Management government officials | 603 | 1.56 |
Officers of companies and organizations | 387 | 1.00 |
Other administrative and managerial workers | 687 | 1.78 |
Professional and engineering workers | ||
Researchers a | 489 | 1.27 |
Manufacturing engineers | 2332 | 6.03 |
Architects, civil engineers, and surveyors | 1608 | 4.16 |
Data processing and communication engineers | 897 | 2.32 |
Other engineers | 1115 | 2.88 |
Doctors b | 389 | 1.01 |
Nurses | 488 | 1.26 |
Medical technicians c | 718 | 1.86 |
Social welfare specialist professionals | 543 | 1.40 |
Teachers d | 1238 | 3.20 |
Other specialist professionals | 2490 | 6.44 |
Clerical workers | ||
General clerical workers | 1923 | 4.97 |
Sales clerks | 660 | 1.71 |
Other clerical workers | 1233 | 3.19 |
Sales workers | ||
Merchandise sales workers | 1379 | 3.57 |
Sales workers | 2654 | 6.87 |
Other sales workers | 274 | 0.71 |
Service workers | ||
Care service workers | 943 | 2.44 |
Food and drink preparatory workers | 973 | 2.52 |
Customer service workers | 993 | 2.57 |
Other service workers | 1310 | 3.39 |
Security workers | ||
Self-defense officials | 461 | 1.19 |
Judicial police staff, such as police officers | 616 | 1.59 |
Other public security workers, such as firefighters | 648 | 1.68 |
Agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers | ||
Agriculture workers | 401 | 1.04 |
Forestry workers and fishery workers | 255 | 0.66 |
Manufacturing process workers | ||
Product manufacturing and processing workers | 2897 | 7.49 |
Machine maintenance and repair workers | 722 | 1.87 |
Other manufacturing process workers | 1591 | 4.12 |
Transport and machine operation workers | ||
Motor vehicle drivers | 1090 | 2.82 |
Other transport workers | 536 | 1.39 |
Construction and mining workers | ||
Construction workers | 754 | 1.95 |
Electric construction workers | 585 | 1.51 |
Civil engineering workers | 539 | 1.39 |
Other construction and mining workers | 700 | 1.81 |
Carrying, cleaning packaging, and related workers | ||
Carrying workers, cleaning workers, and packaging workers | 535 | 1.38 |
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Educational level | ||
Junior high school | 1865 | 4.8 |
High school | 13,632 | 35.0 |
Higher professional school | 805 | 2.0 |
Professional school | 7539 | 20.0 |
Junior college | 837 | 2.0 |
University | 11,935 | 31.0 |
Graduate school | 2043 | 5.3 |
Household income | ||
<2 million yen | 1541 | 4.0 |
2.0–3.9 million yen | 12,908 | 33.4 |
4.0–5.9 million yen | 13,280 | 34.4 |
6.0–7.9 million yen | 6522 | 16.9 |
8.0–9.9 million yen | 2735 | 7.1 |
10–11.9 million yen | 988 | 2.6 |
12–14.9 million yen | 366 | 1.0 |
15–19.9 million yen | 215 | 0.6 |
≥20 million yen | 101 | 0.3 |
Adherence to recommendations | ||
Protein 13–20% energy/day a | 14,705 | 38.0 |
Fatty acid 20–30% energy/day a | 21,130 | 55.0 |
Carbohydrate 50–65% energy/day a | 23,764 | 61.0 |
Saturated fatty acid ≤7 g/day a | 15,451 | 40.0 |
Dietary fiber ≥20 g/day a | 2349 | 6.1 |
Salt <8 g/day a | 8389 | 21.7 |
Potassium ≥3000 mg/day a | 13,639 | 35.3 |
Calcium ≥550 mg/day b | 16,711 | 43.2 |
Vitamin A ≥600 mg/day b | 14,744 | 38.1 |
Vitamin C ≥85 mg/day b | 16,905 | 44.0 |
Vitamin B1 ≥1.1 mg/day b | 16,110 | 41.7 |
Energy and Nutrients | Energy | Protein | Fatty Acid | Carbohydrate | Saturated Fatty Acid | Dietary Fiber | Salt | Potassium | Calcium | Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Vitamin B1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Administrative and managerial workers a | * | NS | NS | * | NS | * | NS | * | NS | NS | * | ** |
Professional and engineering workers a | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Clerical workers a | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | ** | * | NS | ** | NS |
Sales workers a | * | * | NS | ** | NS | * | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS |
Service workers a | NS | * | NS | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Security workers a | * | * | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS |
Agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers b | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Manufacturing process workers a | * | * | * | * | * | * | NS | ** | NS | * | NS | * |
Transport and machine operation workers b | NS | ** | * | NS | NS | NS | * | * | NS | NS | * | * |
Construction and mining workers a | NS | * | ** | NS | ** | * | NS | NS | * | NS | * | NS |
Carrying, cleaning packaging, and related workers | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Tanaka, R.; Tsuji, M.; Senju, A.; Kusuhara, K.; Kawamoto, T.; Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group. Dietary Differences in Male Workers among Smaller Occupational Groups within Large Occupational Categories: Findings from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050961
Tanaka R, Tsuji M, Senju A, Kusuhara K, Kawamoto T, Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group. Dietary Differences in Male Workers among Smaller Occupational Groups within Large Occupational Categories: Findings from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050961
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanaka, Rie, Mayumi Tsuji, Ayako Senju, Koichi Kusuhara, Toshihiro Kawamoto, and Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group. 2018. "Dietary Differences in Male Workers among Smaller Occupational Groups within Large Occupational Categories: Findings from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050961