Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Middle-Aged Adults in Chongqing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Factors
2.3.2. Childhood Breastfeeding History
2.3.3. Lifestyle Factors
2.3.4. Social Support
2.3.5. Appetite
2.3.6. SF-36 Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants According to Arthritis Status
3.2. Score of Domains of SF-36 among All Participants According to Arthritis Status
3.3. Multiple Linear Regression Model for Factors Affecting HRQoL among All Participants
3.4. Covariance Analysis Model for Factors Affecting HRQoL among All Participants
3.5. Multiple Linear Regression Model for Factors Affecting HRQoL among Arthritis Participants
3.6. Covariance Analysis Model for Factors Affecting HRQoL among Arthritis Participants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Non-Arthritis (n = 1059) | Arthritis (n = 165) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic Factors | |||
Gender (%) | 0.199 | ||
Male | 602 (87.6%) | 85 (12.4%) | |
Female | 457 (85.1%) | 80 (14.9%) | |
Age (%) | 0.052 | ||
45–47 Years old | 417 (88.7%) | 53 (11.3%) | |
48–50 Years old | 395 (86.8%) | 60 (13.2%) | |
51–53 Years old | 247 (82.6%) | 52 (17.4%) | |
Educational Level (%) | <0.001 | ||
Low education | 142 (75.9%) | 45 (24.1%) | |
Secondary education | 530 (86.9%) | 80 (13.1%) | |
Higher education | 387 (90.6%) | 40 (9.4%) | |
Marital Status (%) | 0.709 | ||
Living alone | 81 (85.3%) | 14 (14.7%) | |
Married or cohabitation | 978 (86.6%) | 151 (13.4%) | |
Job Conditions (%) | 0.800 | ||
Unemployed | 576 (86.7%) | 88 (13.3%) | |
Employed | 483 (86.2%) | 77 (13.8%) | |
Average Monthly Income (%) | <0.001 | ||
≤1600 Yuan | 581 (83.0%) | 119 (17.0%) | |
>1601 Yuan | 478 (91.2%) | 46 (8.8%) | |
Body Mass Index Mean(SD) | 23.4 (8.8) | 22.7 (2.8) | 0.075 |
Childhood Breastfeeding History (%) | 0.328 | ||
No | 197 (84.5%) | 36 (15.5%) | |
Yes | 862 (87.0%) | 129 (13.0%) | |
Lifestyle Factors | |||
Smoking (%) | 0.284 | ||
No | 656 (87.4%) | 95 (12.6%) | |
Yes | 403 (85.2%) | 70 (14.8%) | |
Alcohol Drinking (%) | 0.193 | ||
No | 468 (88.0%) | 64 (12.0%) | |
Yes | 591 (85.4%) | 101 (14.6%) | |
Regular Physical Activity (%) | 0.171 | ||
Seldom/Sometimes | 809 (85.8%) | 134 (14.2%) | |
Usually | 250 (89.0%) | 31 (11.0%) | |
Regular Daily Life (%) | 0.276 | ||
Seldom/Sometimes | 993 (86.8%) | 151 (13.2%) | |
Usually | 66 (82.5%) | 14 (17.5%) | |
Sleep Quality (%) | <0.001 | ||
Poor/Average | 607 (82.7%) | 127 (17.3%) | |
Good | 452 (92.2%) | 38 (7.8%) | |
Satisfaction with Current Living Conditions (%) | <0.001 | ||
Unsatisfactory/Average | 472 (81.5%) | 107 (18.5%) | |
Satisfactory | 587 (91.0%) | 58 (9.0%) | |
Social support | |||
Perception of Family Relationships (%) | 0.004 | ||
Poor/Average | 242 (81.5%) | 55 (18.5%) | |
Harmonious | 817 (88.1%) | 110 (11.9%) | |
Relationships with Colleague or Friends (%) | <0.001 | ||
Poor/Average | 251 (79.9%) | 63 (20.1%) | |
Harmonious | 808 (88.8%) | 102 (11.2%) | |
Appetite (%) | <0.001 | ||
Good | 550 (91.2%) | 53 (8.8%) | |
Poor or general | 509 (82.0%) | 112 (18.0%) | |
Hypertension | 0.084 | ||
No | 936 (87.2%) | 138 (12.9%) | |
Yes | 123 (82.0%) | 27 (18.0%) |
Domains | All Participants | Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthritis (n = 165) | Non-Arthritis (n = 1059) | p-Value | Arthritis | Non-Arthritis | p-Value | Arthritis | Non-Arthritis | p-Value | |
Physical functioning | 79.2 (21.1) | 88.5 (15.3) | <0.001 | 81.1 (21.7) | 89.5 (15.3) | 0.001 | 77.0 (20.4) | 86.6 (15.9) | <0.001 |
Role-physical | 76.4 (19.1) | 86.0 (17.4) | <0.001 | 75.5 (19.0) | 86.3 (17.3) | <0.001 | 77.3 (19.3) | 85.0 (18.2) | 0.001 |
Bodily pain | 69.7 (18.7) | 82.9 (17.2) | <0.001 | 70.3 (17.5) | 84.0 (16.6) | <0.001 | 69.0 (19.9) | 81.4 (17.8) | <0.001 |
General health | 55.9 (15.1) | 62.3 (14.4) | <0.001 | 57.3 (13.2) | 62.8 (14.0) | 0.001 | 54.1 (16.7) | 61.6 (14.8) | <0.001 |
Vitality | 59.9 (15.5) | 66.1 (15.3) | <0.001 | 60.3 (14.6) | 66.6 (15.1) | <0.001 | 59.5 (16.4) | 65.4 (15.6) | 0.002 |
Social functioning | 76.5 (18.6) | 85.4 (16.2) | <0.001 | 72.2 (16.2) | 85.2 (16.2) | <0.001 | 79.5 (18.5) | 84.9 (16.9) | 0.010 |
Role-emotional | 78.6 (18.3) | 85.5 (16.5) | <0.001 | 76.9 (18.1) | 85.8 (16.9) | <0.001 | 80.5 (18.4) | 84.1 (17.6) | 0.097 |
Mental health | 63.1 (10.9) | 67.4 (10.8) | <0.001 | 62.3 (10.5) | 68.1 (10.6) | <0.001 | 63.6 (11.8) | 66.4 (11.2) | 0.041 |
Variable | PF | RP | GH | VT | SF | MH | BP | RE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | |
Age | ||||||||
Gender | −4.5 (1.1) ** | −1.8 (1.1) | −2.0 (0.9) * | −1.8 (0.7) ** | −2.9 (1.1) * | –3.5 (1.3) ** | ||
Educational level | 2.3 (0.8) ** | |||||||
Marital status | 7.8 (1.9) ** | 6.9 (2.0) ** | 4.2 (1.7) * | 5.9 (1.7) ** | 5.0 (2.0) ** | 3.9 (1.3) ** | 7.1 (2.0) ** | 8.1 (2.0) ** |
Job conditions | 4.8 (1.0) ** | 6.6 (1.1) ** | 2.1 (0.9) * | 5.7 (1.0) ** | 1.5 (0.7) * | 4.3 (1.1) ** | ||
Average monthly income | 2.5 (1.1) * | −1.1 (0.7) | ||||||
Current BMI (mean, SD) | −0.1 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||||||
Childhood breast feeding history | 2.4 (1.3) | 4.7 (1.3) ** | 2.4 (1.4) | |||||
Smoking | −2.5 (1.3) | |||||||
Alcohol drinking | 2.6 (1.0) ** | −1.5 (1.1) | ||||||
Regular physical activity | 3.3 (1.1) ** | 3.0 (1.1) ** | ||||||
Regular daily life | −5.2 (2.0) ** | −7.6 (2.0) ** | −3.6 (2.2) | −3.7 (1.5) * | −3.9 (2.3) | |||
Sleep quality | 2.6 (1.2) * | 3.1 (1.1) ** | 2.2 (0.8) ** | |||||
Satisfaction with current living conditions | 2.1 (1.1) | 3.7(1.2) ** | 3.6 (1.0) ** | 5.6 (1.0) ** | 3.3 (1.1) ** | 3.5 (0.8) ** | 3.3 (1.2) ** | 3.5 (1.2) ** |
Perception of family relationships | 4.5 (1.4) ** | 1.9 (1.0) * | 3.6 (1.4) ** | 2.9 (1.5) | ||||
Relationships with colleague or friends | 3.0 (1.4) * | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.4) * | 2.0 (1.0) * | 3.8 (1.5) ** | |||
Appetite | −2.9 (1.2) * | −4.1 (1.2) ** | −3.6 (1.0) ** | −2.8 (1.1) * | −3.5 (1.1) ** | −3.0 (1.2) * | −3.5 (1.1) ** | |
Hypertension | −8.1 (1.5) ** | −3.8 (1.6) * | −5.6 (1.3) ** | −3.5 (1.3) ** | −3.3 (1.5) * | |||
Arthritis | −6.2 (1.5) ** | −6.5 (1.6) ** | −2.6 (1.3) | −3.1 (1.4) * | −6.5 (1.5) ** | −2.8 (1.0) ** | −12.2 (1.6) ** | −3.8 (1.5) * |
R2 | 0.1775 | 0.1726 | 0.1308 | 0.1752 | 0.1975 | 0.1414 | 0.1423 | 0.1556 |
Variable | PF | RP | GH | VT | SF | MH | BP | RE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | |
45–47 Years old vs. 51–53 Years old | 1.4 (1.3) | 0.0 (1.4) | 22,120.0 (1.2) | −1.7 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.3) | −1.0 (0.9) | 1.7 (1.4) | −1.4 (1.4) |
48–50 Years old vs. 51–53 Years old | −0.2 (1.3) | −2.4 (1.4) | −1.5 (1.2) | −1.6 (1.2) | −2.7 (1.3) * | −0.9 (0.9) | 0.4 (1.4) | −4.7 (1.4) ** |
Male vs. Female | 4.3 (1.1) ** | 2.0 (0.9) * | 1.7 (0.7) * | 2.9 (1.1) ** | 1.9 (1.1) | |||
Living alone vs. Married or cohabitation | −8.5 (1.9) ** | −7.2 (2.0) ** | −4.2 (1.7) * | −5.9 (1.7) ** | −5.4 (1.9) ** | −3.8 (1.3) ** | −7.4 (2.0) ** | −8.8 (2.0) ** |
Unemployed vs. Employed | −4.6 (1.0) ** | −6.8 (1.1) ** | −2.0 (0.9) * | −5.5 (1.0) ** | −1.5 (0.7) * | −4.1 (1.1) ** | ||
≤¥1600 vs. >¥1601 | −2.6 (1.1) * | |||||||
Current BMI (mean, SD) | 0.0 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | −0.0 (0.1) | −0.0 (0.0) | −0.1 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.1) |
Childhood non-breastfeeding history vs. Childhood breastfeeding history | −4.7 (1.3) ** | |||||||
Non-alcohol drinking vs. Alcohol drinking | −2.6 (1.0) ** | |||||||
Seldom/Sometimes engage in regular physical activity vs. Usually engage in regular physical activity | −3.5 (1.1) ** | −3.1 (1.1) ** | ||||||
Seldom/Sometimes have a regular daily life vs. Usually have a regular daily life | 5.5 (2.0) ** | 7.4 (2.0) ** | 3.6 (1.5) ** | |||||
Poor/Average sleep quality vs. Good sleep quality | −3.2 (1.2) ** | −3.1 (1.1) ** | −2.3 (0.8) ** | |||||
Average/Not satisfied with current living conditions vs. Satisfied with current living conditions | −3.7 (1.2) ** | −4.0 (1.0) ** | −5.5 (1.0) ** | −3.5 (1.1) ** | −3.3 (0.8) ** | −3.4 (1.2) ** | −4.0 (1.2) ** | |
Poor/Average perception of family relationships vs. Harmonious perception of family relationships | −4.7 (1.4) ** | −1.9 (1.0) | −3.6 (1.4) ** | |||||
Poor/Average relationships with colleague or friends vs. Harmonious relationships with colleague or friends | −3.3 (1.4) * | −2.6 (1.4) | −1.8 (1.0) | −5.0 (1.3) ** | ||||
Good appetite vs. Poor or general appetite | 3.2 (1.2) ** | 4.5 (1.2) ** | 3.8 (1.0) ** | 2.8 (1.1) * | 3.4 (1.1) ** | 3.0 (1.2) * | 3.9 (1.1) ** | |
Non-hypertension vs. Hypertension | 8.2 (1.5) ** | 3.4 (1.6) * | 5.5 (1.3) ** | 3.8 (1.4) ** | 3.5 (1.5) * | |||
Non-arthritis vs. Arthritis | 6.4 (1.5) ** | 7.1 (1.6) ** | 2.8 (1.3) * | 3.2 (1.4) * | 6.7 (1.5) ** | 2.7 (1.0) ** | 12.0 (1.6) ** | 4.3 (1.5) ** |
R2 | 0.17292 | 0.16835 | 0.13061 | 0.17873 | 0.20159 | 0.14148 | 0.14106 | 0.15783 |
Variable | PF | RP | GH | VT | SF | MH | BP | RE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | |
Age | ||||||||
Gender | −7.2 (3.0) * | −5.2 (2.4) * | 0.3 (1.7) | −2.9 (2.9) | 1.7 (2.8) | |||
Educational level | 3.9 (2.0) | |||||||
Marital status | 6.8 (5.5) | 6.9 (5.0) | 1.8 (4.2) | 4.4 (4.3) | 8.1 (4.9) | 4.6 (3.0) | −1.0 (5.2) | 8.7 (5.0) |
Job conditions | 7.0 (3.0) * | 7.1 (2.8) * | 2.6 (2.4) | 1.8 (2.7) | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.5 (2.8) | ||
Average monthly income | 11.1 (3.3) ** | |||||||
Current BMI (mean, SD) | ||||||||
Childhood breastfeeding history | 13.0 (3.3) ** | |||||||
Smoking | ||||||||
Alcohol drinking | 3.3 (2.5) | |||||||
Regular physical activity | 2.6 (2.9) | 3.8 (3.0) | ||||||
Regular daily life | −7.6 (4.1) | −8.0 (4.2) | −5.2 (2.9) | |||||
Sleep quality | 6.4 (4.3) | 3.8 (3.4) | 4.2 (2.0) * | |||||
Satisfaction with current living conditions | 3.7 (3.3) | 4.3 (2.6) | 5.4 (2.6) | 4.3 (3.1) | 4.2 (1.9) * | 4.7 (3.3) | 4.7 (3.2) | |
Perception of family relationships | 1.1 (3.3) | 0.0 (2.1) | 0.2 (3.3) | |||||
Relationships with colleague or friends | −1.2 (3.2) | 2.4 (3.4) | 2.1 (2.1) | 2.0 (3.2) | ||||
Appetite | −6.1 (3.9) | −10.9 (3.2) ** | −5.0 (2.6) | −4.7 (3.1) | −7.5 (3.1) * | −8.4 (3.3) * | −7.1 (3.2) * | |
Hypertension | −16.6 (4.1) ** | −6.7 (3.7) | −7.3 (3.2) * | −2.8 (3.1) | −9.3 (3.6) * | |||
R2 | 0.2524 | 0.2013 | 0.1418 | 0.1654 | 0.2753 | 0.1659 | 0.0756 | 0.1235 |
Variable | PF | RP | GH | VT | SF | MH | BP | RE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | β (s.e.) | |
45–47 Years old vs. 51–53 Years old | −3.1 (4.3) | −1.8 (4.0) | −1.9 (3.1) | 1.4 (3.4) | −1.9 (3.4) | −2.4 (2.3) | 0.2 (4.0) | −7.0 (3.8) |
48–50 Years old vs. 51–53 Years old | 0.7 (4.2) | 0.4 (4.0) | −1.8 (3.0) | 4.8 (3.2) | −0.4 (3.3) | 1.3 (2.3) | 2.3 (4.0) | −4.1 (3.7) |
Male vs. Female | 8.9 (3.5) * | 4.5 (2.6) | ||||||
Living alone vs. Married or cohabitation | ||||||||
Unemployed vs. Employed | −6.0 (3.4) | −7.2 (3.2) * | ||||||
≤¥1600 vs. >¥1601 | −12.6 (3.7) ** | |||||||
Current BMI (mean, SD) | 1.3 (0.6) * | 0.8 (0.6) | −0.0 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.6) |
Childhood non-breastfeeding history vs. Childhood breastfeeding history | −19.6 (3.5) ** | |||||||
Non-alcohol drinking vs. Alcohol drinking | ||||||||
Seldom/Sometimes engage in regular physical activity vs. Usually engage in regular physical activity | ||||||||
Seldom/Sometimes have a regular daily life vs. Usually have a regular daily life | 10.8 (5.2) * | |||||||
Poor/Average sleep quality vs. Good sleep quality | −4.1 (2.2) | |||||||
Average/Not satisfied with current living conditions vs. Satisfied with current living conditions | −5.5 (2.7) * | −4.6 (1.9) * | ||||||
Poor/Average perception of family relationships vs. Harmonious perception of family relationships | ||||||||
Poor/Aeverage relationships with colleague or friends vs. Harmonious relationships with colleague or friends | ||||||||
Good appetite vs. Poor or general appetite | 13.1 (3.5) ** | 9.7 (2.7) ** | 9.9 (3.0) ** | 11.7 (3.5) ** | 13.4 (3.3) ** | |||
Non-hypertension vs. Hypertension | 19.2 (4.2) ** | 9.3 (3.1) ** | 9.4 (3.4) ** | |||||
R2 | 0.26221 | 0.1696 | 0.17288 | 0.09856 | 0.37068 | 0.10602 | 0.09343 | 0.15156 |
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Rao, Y.; Xu, X.; Liu, D.; Reis, C.; Newman, I.M.; Qin, L.; Sharma, M.; Shen, J.; Zhao, Y. Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Middle-Aged Adults in Chongqing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040768
Rao Y, Xu X, Liu D, Reis C, Newman IM, Qin L, Sharma M, Shen J, Zhao Y. Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Middle-Aged Adults in Chongqing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040768
Chicago/Turabian StyleRao, Yunshuang, Xianglong Xu, Dengyuan Liu, Cesar Reis, Ian M. Newman, Liqiang Qin, Manoj Sharma, Jun Shen, and Yong Zhao. 2018. "Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Middle-Aged Adults in Chongqing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040768
APA StyleRao, Y., Xu, X., Liu, D., Reis, C., Newman, I. M., Qin, L., Sharma, M., Shen, J., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Middle-Aged Adults in Chongqing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040768