Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Design of the Included Studies
3.2. Characteristics of the Used Samples
3.3. Methods of Assessing Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)
3.4. Methods Assessing Psychopathology
3.5. Effect Size of the Associations of Psychopathology with IGD
3.6. Psychopathology, IGD and Sample Characteristics (Age, Gender)
3.7. IGD and Depression
3.8. IGD and Anxiety
3.9. IGD and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
3.10. IGD and Social Phobia and Social Anxiety
3.11. IGD and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
3.12. Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Study Type | N | Population Age a | Sex | Country | IGD Measures | Psychopathology Measures | Psychopathology Outcome | Association | Effect Size | 95% CI of d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baer et al., 2011 [24] | cross-sectional | 102 | adolescents 13.7 ± 1.9 | M/F | Canada | Computer/Gaming-station Addiction Scale (CGAS) | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | Emotional problems | full | R2 = 0.29 | – |
Hyperactivity | full | R2 = 0.18 | – | ||||||||
Cole & Hooley, 2013 [25] | cross-sectional | 163 | general population 27.3 ± 9.1 | M/F | USA | Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS) | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | Anxiety state | full | d = 0.26 | −0.05–0.57 |
Anxiety trait | full | d = 1.07 | 0.74–1.40 | ||||||||
Social Phobia Scale | Social phobia | full | d = 1.17 | 0.83–1.50 | |||||||
Jiménez-Murcia et al., 2014 [26] | cross-sectional | 193 | adults with GD 42.4 ± 13.4 | M/F | Spain | Video-game Dependency Test (VDT) | Symptom Checklist 90-revision | Somatization | full | d = 0.57 | 0.16–0.983 |
Obsessive-Compulsive | full | d = 0.84 | 0.424–1.257 | ||||||||
Interpersonal Sensitivity | full | d = 0.76 | 0.341–1.169 | ||||||||
Depression | full | d = 0.58 | 0.17–0.991 | ||||||||
Anxiety | full | d = 0.64 | 0.216–1.064 | ||||||||
Hostility | full | d = 0.68 | 0.255–1.106 | ||||||||
Phobic-Anxiety | full | d = 0.55 | 0.127–0.973 | ||||||||
Paranoid Ideation | full | d = 0.83 | 0.402–1.259 | ||||||||
Psychoticism | full | d = 0.56 | 0.137–0.983 | ||||||||
Kim et al., 2016 [27] | cross-sectional | 3041 | adults 20–49 | M/F | South Korea | IGD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 | Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | Somatization | full | d = 1.59 | 1.481–1.703 |
Obsessive-Compulsive | full | d = 1.67 | 1.557–1.78 | ||||||||
Interpersonal Sensitivity | full | d = 1.61 | 1.499–1.721 | ||||||||
Depression | full | d = 1.75 | 1.642–1.867 | ||||||||
Anxiety | full | d = 1.75 | 1.642–1.866 | ||||||||
Hostility | full | d = 1.72 | 1.61–1.834 | ||||||||
Phobic-Anxiety | full | d = 1.82 | 1.705–1.928 | ||||||||
Paranoid Ideation | full | d = 1.74 | 1.623–1.847 | ||||||||
Psychoticism | full | d = 1.76 | 1.646–1.87 | ||||||||
King et al., 2013 [28] | cross-sectional | 1287 | adolescents 12–18 | M/F | Australia | Pathological Technology Use (PTU) | Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale | Depression | none | – | |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | none | – | |||||||||
Anxiety | none | – | |||||||||
King & Delfabbro, 2016 [29] | cross-sectional | 824 | adolescents 14.1 ± 1.5 | M/F | Australia | IGD Diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 | Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 21-item version | Depression | full * | d = 0.62 | 0.087–1.155 |
Anxiety | full * | d = 0.50 | −0.035–1.025 | ||||||||
Laconi et al., 2017 [30] | cross-sectional | 418 | adults 21.9 ± 3 | M/F | France | Internet Gaming Disorder Test-10 (IGDT-10) | Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale-10 | Depression | full | d = 2.687 | 1.969–3.405 |
Männikkö et al., 2015 [31] | cross-sectional | 293 | general population 18.7 ± 3.4 | M/F | Finland | Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS) | School Health Promotion (SHP) | Depression | full | R2 = 0.17 | - |
Anxiety | full | R2 = 0.11 | - | ||||||||
Mentzoni, et al., 2011 [32] | cross-sectional | 816 | general population 15–40 | M/F | Norway | Gaming Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA) | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | Depression | full | n/a | - |
Anxiety | full | n/a | - | ||||||||
Müller et al., 2015 [33] | cross-sectional | 12,938 | adolescents 15.8 ± 0.7 | M/F | Germany | Assessment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction (AICGA) | Youth Self-Report | Anxious-Depression | full | d = 0.34 | 0.183–0.496 |
Withdrawn-Depression | full | d = 0.35 | 0.347–0.507 | ||||||||
Na et al., 2017 [34] | cross-sectional | 1819 | adults 20–49 | M/F | South Korea | IGD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 | Symptom Checklist 90-revision | Depression | full | n/a | - |
Anxiety | full | n/a | - | ||||||||
Starcevic et al., 2011 [35] | cross-sectional | 1945 | general population over 14 | M/F | Australia | Video-Game Use Questionnaire (VGUQ) | Symptom Checklist 90 | Somatization | partial> | d = 1.02 | 0.854–1.187 |
Obsessive-Compulsive | partial | d = 1.365 | 1.196–1.534 | ||||||||
Interpersonal Sensitivity | partial | d = 1.228 | 1.059–1.396 | ||||||||
Depression | partial | d = 1.264 | 1.096–1.433 | ||||||||
Anxiety | partial> | d = 1.149 | 0.981–1.317 | ||||||||
Hostility | partial> | d = 1.276 | 1.108–1.445 | ||||||||
Phobic-Anxiety | partial> | d = 1.131 | 0.964–1.299 | ||||||||
Paranoid Ideation | partial> | d = 1.203 | 1.035–1.371 | ||||||||
Psychoticism | partial> | d = 1.368 | 1.199–1.537 | ||||||||
Stetina et al., 2011 [36] | cross-sectional | 468 | general population 11–67 | M/F | Austria | Problematic Internet use scale (ISS-20) | Questionnaire for depression diagnostics (FDD for DSM-IV) | Depression | none | - | - |
Strittmatter et al., 2015 [37] | cross-sectional | 9758 | adolescents 15.0 ± 1.3 | M/F | Germany | Young Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ) | Beck Depression Inventory II | Depression | full | d = 0.58 | 0.449–0.702 |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) | Hyperactivity | full | d = 0.53 | 0.399–0.652 | |||||||
Vadlin et al., 2016 [38] | cross-sectional | N1 (1868) N2 (242) | adolescents 12–18 | M/F | Sweden | Gaming Addiction Identification (GAIT) | Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS-A) | Depression | full | OR 2.47 (1.44–4.25) | - |
Spence Children‘s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) | Anxiety | full | OR 2.06 (1.27–3.33) | - | |||||||
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-A) | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | full | OR 2.43 (1.44–4.11) | - | |||||||
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) | Psychoticism | none | - | - | |||||||
Wang et al., 2018 [39] | cross-sectional | 7200 | general population 14–39 | M/F | South Korea | IGD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 | Patient Health Questionnaire9 (PHQ9) | Depression | full | n/a | - |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) | Anxiety | n/a | - | - | |||||||
Wartberg et al., 2017 [40] | cross-sectional | 1095 | adolescents 13.0 ± 0.82 | M/F | Germany | Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) | Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Inventory | Depression and anxiety | full | OR 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | - |
Hyperactivity | full | OR 1.27 (1.16–1.39) | - | ||||||||
Wei et al., 2012 [41] | cross-sectional | 722 | general population 21.8 ± 4.9 | M/F | Taiwan | Chen’s Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) | Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale (DSSS) | Depression | full | R2 = 0.298 | - |
Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) | Social phobia | full | n/a | - | |||||||
Panagiotidi, 2017 [42] | cross-sectional | 205 | adults 27.4 ± 10 | M/F | United Kingdom | Problem Video-Game Playing Test (PVGT) | ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) | ADHD | full | R2 = 0.22 | - |
Gentile et al., 2011 [43] | Longitudinal | 3034 | children, adolescents 11.2 ± 2.06 | M/F | Singapore | Pathological Technology Use (PTU) | Asian Adolescent Depression Scale (AADS) | Depression | full | R2 = 0.49 | - |
Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) | Anxiety | full | R2 = 0.29 | - | |||||||
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-A) | ADHD | none | - | - | |||||||
Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) | Social phobia | full | R2 = 0.20 | - | |||||||
Van Rooij et al., 2011 [44] | Longitudinal | T1 (1572) T2 (1476) | children 13–16 | M/F | Deutschland | Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) | Depressive Mood List | T1: Depression T2: Depression | none full # | n/a | - |
Revised Social Anxiety Scale for Children | T1: Social anxiety T2: Social anxiety | none none | - | - | |||||||
Hyun et al., 2015 [45] | case-control | 308 | general population 21.0 ± 5.9 | M/F | South Korea | Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) | Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) | Depression | full | d = 1.09 | 0.88–1.305 |
Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI) | Anxiety | full | d = 0.64 | 0.437–0.845 | |||||||
Dupaul’s ADHD scale (K-ARS) | ADHD | full | d = 1.05 | 0.838–1.262 | |||||||
Yen et al., 2016 [46] | case-control | 174 | adults 23.29 ± 2.34 23.38 ± 2.40 | M/F | Taiwan | Semi-structured interview with the DSM-5 IGD criteria | ADHD DSM-IV-TR criteria diagnosis for adult and childhood | ADHD | full | OR 13.51 (4.49–40.64) | - |
Brunborg et al., 2014 [47] | cohort | 1928 | adolescents 13–17 | M/F | Norway | Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA) | Hopkins Symptom Checklist | Depression | T1: full other time: none | R2 = 0.25 | - - |
Effect Size | Depression | Anxiety | ADHD/Hyper-Activity | Social Phobia/Anxiety |
---|---|---|---|---|
Small a | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Moderate b | 3 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
Large c | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
None | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 15 | 10 | 8 | 3 |
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González-Bueso, V.; Santamaría, J.J.; Fernández, D.; Merino, L.; Montero, E.; Ribas, J. Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040668
González-Bueso V, Santamaría JJ, Fernández D, Merino L, Montero E, Ribas J. Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040668
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Bueso, Vega, Juan José Santamaría, Daniel Fernández, Laura Merino, Elena Montero, and Joan Ribas. 2018. "Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040668