Exploring Heat Stress Relief Measures among the Australian Labour Force
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Level of Heat Stress
3.3. Symptoms of Heat Stress
3.4. Immediate Relief Measures
3.4.1. Hydration
3.4.2. Cooling
3.4.3. Resting
3.4.4. Combination of Immediate Relief Measures
3.5. Changing Jobs as Long-Term Adaptation Measure
3.6. Organizational Heat Stress Relief Management
4. Discussion
4.1. Heat Stress Symptoms and Intensity
4.2. Immediate Heat Relief Measures Taken at Work
4.3. Changing Jobs as an Extreme Form of Adaptation
4.4. Acclimatisation
4.5. Satisfaction with Heat Management Implementation
4.6. Survey Limitations and Future Research Needs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Personal Characteristic | % | N | Work Related Characteristic | % | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Work method | ||||
Male | 52 | 903 | Regular hours (“9 to 5”) | 65 | 1120 |
Level of education | Work time spent outside | ||||
University degree | 38 | 657 | Almost none (less than 10% of time) | 68 | 1172 |
Certificate or Diploma | 34 | 588 | About a quarter of work time | 14 | 244 |
Completed high school | 14 | 247 | About half of work time | 8 | 132 |
Completed Years 11 or 10 | 11 | 194 | About three-quarters of work time | 4 | 63 |
Year 9 or below | 2 | 33 | Almost all (more than 90% of time) | 6 | 108 |
Health status | Workload | ||||
Excellent health | 16 | 276 | Full-time | 61 | 1055 |
Good health | 62 | 1062 | Part-time | 34 | 579 |
Fair health | 19 | 326 | Casual | 5 | 85 |
Poor health | 3 | 55 | |||
State | Employee | ||||
Victoria (VIC) | 24 | 406 | Private sector | 64 | 1095 |
New South Wales (NSW) | 23 | 397 | Public sector | 24 | 415 |
Queensland (QLD) | 17 | 297 | Self-employed | 12 | 209 |
Western Australia (WA) | 13 | 224 | |||
South Australia (SA) | 9 | 151 | |||
Australian Capital Territory (ACT) | 6 | 102 | |||
Tasmania (TAS) | 5 | 89 | |||
Northern Territory (NT) | 3 | 53 |
Variable | % of Respondents | Never Stressed | Rarely Stressed | Sometimes Stressed | Often and Very Often Stressed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of respondents (%) | 434 (25.2) | 473 (27.5) | 524 (30.5) | 288 (16.8) | |
Category: Outdoor industries | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Gardening, Pastoralism, Army, Power, Waste, Mining | 0.8 | 1.4 a | 0.6 a | 0.3 a | 1.0 a |
Construction | 6.6 | 5.8 a | 6.8 a | 6.7 a | 7.3 a |
Category: Labour intensive industries | |||||
Manufacturing | 4.8 | 2.8 a | 6.1 a | 5.5 a | 4.5 a |
Transport, Postal and Warehousing | 5.4 | 4.4 a | 4.9 a | 5.7 a | 7.3 a |
Category: Indoor industries | |||||
Arts, Recreation, Tourism, Food, Hospitality | 8.8 | 6.5 a | 8.2 a | 9.0 a | 13.1 a |
Health Care and Social Assistance | 14.3 | 13.3 a | 16.1 a | 15.3 a | 11.1 a |
Education/Finance | 14.7 | 20.5 a | 11.2 b | 14.3 b | 12.5 b |
Professional, Scientific and Technical Services | 12.9 | 15.2 a | 15.0 a | 9.9 a | 11.1 a |
Public Administration and Safety | 12.0 | 13.1 a | 12.3 a | 11.0 a | 118 a |
Retail/Wholesale | 14.1 | 13.1 a | 13.5 a | 14.9 a | 15.2 a |
Symptoms | % of Respondents with Symptom | Rarely Stressed | Sometimes Stressed | Often and Very Often Stressed | Test Statistics (KW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | 56.1 | 48.6 a | 59.9 b | 61.5 b | 17.18 *** |
Headache | 55.8 | 47.1 a | 57.1 b | 67.7 c | 31.23 *** |
Irritability | 26.2 | 21.1 a | 26.9 ab | 33.3 b | 13.95 *** |
Skin rash | 23.5 | 17.1 a | 23.3 a | 34.4 b | 29.63 *** |
Dizziness | 19.0 | 10.1 a | 18.9 b | 33.7 c | 64.40 *** |
Confusion | 6.8 | 3.6 a | 5.7 a | 13.8 b | 31.56 *** |
Nausea | 5.8 | 3.2 a | 5.3 a | 11.1 b | 20.90 *** |
Fainting | 4.7 | 3.4 a | 3.4 a | 9.3 b | 17.57 *** |
Seizure | 0.7 | 0.0 a | 0.6 a | 2.1 b | 11.37 ** |
Level of Heat Stress and Work Sector | % of Respondents Hydrating | % of Respondents Cooling | % of Respondents Resting | % Intending To Change Jobs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leve of heat stress | ||||
Rarely | 88.4 a | 66.6 a | 38.1 a | 2.3 a |
Sometimes | 89.1 a | 67.9 a | 48.3 b | 7.8 b |
Often and very often | 85.1 a | 63.9 a | 46.9 b | 26.5 c |
Sector | ||||
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Landscape, Gardening, Pastoralism, Army, Power, Waste, Mining | 87.1 a | 55.3 ab | 54.1 a | 6.4 ab |
Arts, Recreation, Tourism, Food, Hospitality | 94.4 a | 55.6 a | 37.1 a | 20.5 c |
Construction | 85.2 a | 65.9 ab | 52.2 a | 10.7 ac |
Education/Finance | 87.8 a | 73.8 b | 46.3 a | 8.1 ab |
Health Care and Social Assistance | 88.3 a | 70.2 ab | 38.3 a | 5.7 a |
Manufacturing | 80.3 a | 62.0 ab | 47.9 a | 7.6 ac |
Professional, Scientific and Technical Services | 82.6 a | 69.7 ab | 41.9 a | 7.0 ab |
Public Administration and Safety | 86.0 a | 68.7 ab | 45.3 a | 9.0 ac |
Retail/Wholesale | 91.9 a | 66.1 ab | 43.5 a | 16.4 bc |
Transport, Postal and Warehousing | 93.2 a | 67.6 ab | 45.9 a | 9.0 ac |
Variables | Coeff | OR | 5% | 95% | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydration | |||||
Constant | 2.265 | 9.63 | 7.40 | 12.79 | <0.001 |
Male | −0.485 | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.88 | 0.006 |
Cooling | |||||
Constant | 0.931 | 2.54 | 1.83 | 3.54 | <0.001 |
University degree | 0.380 | 1.46 | 1.13 | 1.89 | 0.004 |
Physical exertion | −0.107 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.94 | <0.001 |
Poor health | 1.741 | 5.71 | 2.28 | 19.12 | <0.001 |
Resting | |||||
Constant | −1.229 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.001 |
Male | 0.467 | 1.59 | 1.27 | 2.01 | <0.001 |
Poor health | 0.715 | 2.04 | 1.11 | 3.85 | 0.023 |
Physical exertion | 0.100 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.16 | <0.001 |
Time working outside | 0.119 | 1.13 | 1.02 | 1.24 | 0.019 |
Changing jobs | |||||
Constant | −4.497 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Physical exertion | 0.157 | 1.17 | 1.08 | 1.27 | <0.001 |
Sometimes heat stressed | 1.171 | 3.23 | 1.65 | 6.93 | 0.001 |
Often or very often heat stressed | 2.475 | 11.88 | 6.22 | 25.13 | <0.001 |
Level of Heat Stress and Employee | Handled Well | Handled OK | Handled Poorly | No Need for It |
---|---|---|---|---|
% of respondents | 40.9 | 34.2 | 16.9 | 8.0 |
Level of heat stress | ||||
Rarely stressed | 48.6 a | 33.0 ab | 6.8 a | 11.6 a |
Sometimes stressed | 35.9 b | 37.8 a | 19.7 b | 6.7 b |
Often and very often stressed | 37.5 b | 29.5 b | 28.5 c | 4.5 b |
Employee | ||||
Employed in public sector | 43.3 a | 30.8 a | 19.5 a | 6.2 a |
Employed in private sector | 39.8 a | 35.0 a | 17.5 a | 7.6 a |
Self-employed | 42.1 a | 36.0 a | 8.5 b | 13.4 b |
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Zander, K.K.; Mathew, S.; Garnett, S.T. Exploring Heat Stress Relief Measures among the Australian Labour Force. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030401
Zander KK, Mathew S, Garnett ST. Exploring Heat Stress Relief Measures among the Australian Labour Force. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030401
Chicago/Turabian StyleZander, Kerstin K., Supriya Mathew, and Stephen T. Garnett. 2018. "Exploring Heat Stress Relief Measures among the Australian Labour Force" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030401