Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instrument
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Gender Subgroup | ||
---|---|---|---|
Transgender, n (%) | Non-Binary, n (%) | Cisgender, n (%) | |
Sexual Orientation | |||
Heterosexual | 83 (47.2) | 2 (2.9) | 181 (34.2) |
Gay | 5 (2.8) | 3 (4.4) | 91 (17.2) |
Lesbian | 4 (2.3) | 10 (14.7) | 93 (17.6) |
Bisexual | 21 (11.9) | 10 (14.7) | 99 (18.7) |
Pansexual | 55 (31.3) | 32 (47.1) | 46 (8.7) |
Other | 4 (2.3) | 10 (14.7) | 14 (2.6) |
Missing | 4 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 5 (0.9) |
Religion | |||
Catholic | 32 (17.8) | 2 (2.9) | 86 (16.2) |
Atheist or agnostic | 117 (65) | 55 (78.6) | 402 (75.6) |
Other | 13 (7.2) | 10 (14.3) | 23 (4.3) |
Missing | 18 (10) | 3 (4.3) | 21 (3.9) |
Area | |||
Rural | 35 (5.7) | 4 (5.7) | 60 (11.3) |
Urban | 143 (79.4) | 65 (92.9) | 470 (88.3) |
Violence or Personal Safety | n (%) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Excluded by your peer group at some time | 0.167 | ||
Cisgender (n = 526) | 128 (24.3%) | 1.00 | |
Transgender (n = 120) | 22 (18.3%) | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) | |
Non-binary (n = 41) | 8 (19.5%) | 0.67 (0.28–1.58) | |
Verbal attacks at school | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 524) | 132 (25.2%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 165) | 71 (43.0%) | 1.74 (1.16–2.61) | |
Non-binary (n = 68) | 29 (42.6%) | 1.99 (1.14–3.45) | |
Verbal attacks out of school | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 527) | 155 (29.4%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 173) | 76 (43.9%) | 1.87 (1.28–2.76) | |
Non-binary (n = 68) | 38 (55.9%) | 3.17 (1.84–5.45) | |
Physical attacks at school | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 527) | 43 (8.2%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 170) | 38 (22.4%) | 2.72 (1.59–4.63) | |
Non-binary (n = 66) | 9 (13.6%) | 1.94 (0.88–4.29) | |
Physical attacks out of school | 0.018 | ||
Cisgender (n = 340) | 82 (24.1%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 173) | 27 (15.6%) | 0.60 (0.37–0.99) | |
Non-binary (n = 65) | 8 (12.3%) | 0.46 (0.21–1.02) | |
Cyberbullying | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 479) | 144 (30.1%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 177) | 37 (20.9%) | 0.46 (0.29–0.73) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 29 (41.4%) | 1.49 (0.87–2.57) | |
Discrimination when looking for a job | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 462) | 95 (20.6%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 133) | 71 (53.4%) | 6.81 (4.18–11.09) | |
Non-binary (n = 49) | 27 (55.1%) | 6.56 (3.31–13.00) |
Protective Factors | n (%) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Involvement in extracurricular activities in school | 0.018 | ||
Cisgender (n = 517) | 181 (35.0%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 166) | 46 (27.7%) | 0.47 (0.27–0.80) | |
Non-binary (n = 67) | 16 (23.9%) | 0.52 (0.23–1.19) | |
Practice of a sport in school or outside it | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 532) | 248 (46.6%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 180) | 89 (49.4%) | 0.12 (0.03–0.52) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 19 (27.1%) | 0.07 (0.01–0.47) | |
Go out with friends | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 532) | 456 (85.7%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 180) | 133 (73.9%) | 0.19 (0.02–2.30) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 44 (62.9%) | 0.09 (0.01–1.50) | |
Take part in LGBT associations | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 344) | 84 (24.4%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 175) | 75 (42.9%) | 1.58 (0.83–3.00) | |
Non-binary (n = 66) | 19 (28.8%) | 0.57 (0.26–1.28) | |
Take part in online LGTB groups | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 341) | 102 (29.9%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 174) | 78 (44.8%) | 0.32 (0.08–1.30) | |
Non-binary (n = 66) | 43 (65.2%) | 0.55 (0.10–3.04) | |
Family support | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 317) | 186 (58.7%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 168) | 86 (51.2%) | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | |
Non-binary (n = 53) | 14 (26.4%) | 0.26 (0.13–0.51) | |
Adult support outside the family | 0.015 | ||
Cisgender (n = 292) | 169 (57.9%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 168) | 98 (58.3%) | 1.23 (0.80–1.88) | |
Non-binary (n = 59) | 25 (42.4%) | 0.48 (0.26–0.88) | |
Friends support | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 325) | 312 (96.0%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 174) | 153 (87.9%) | 0.31 (0.14–0.70) | |
Non-binary (n = 64) | 54 (84.4%) | 0.22 (0.08–0.57) | |
Have a remunerated job | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 532) | 126 (23.7%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 180) | 23 (12.8%) | 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 6 (8.6%) | 0.31 (0.11–0.90) |
Health or Well-Being Indicators | n (%) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Feeling isolated | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 355) | 103 (29.0%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 176) | 71 (40.3%) | 1.35 (0.90–2.04) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 38 (54.3%) | 2.61 (1.50–4.52) | |
Ever think about suicide | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 520) | 211 (40.6%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 172) | 121 (70.3%) | 2.82 (1.89–4.20) | |
Non-binary (n = 68) | 53 (77.9%) | 4.43 (2.40–8.18) | |
Tried drugs and alcohol | 0.365 | ||
Cisgender (n = 521) | 308 (59.1%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 176) | 85 (48.3%) | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) | |
Non-binary (n = 68) | 36 (52.9%) | 0.74 (0.43–1.27) | |
Psychological health problems | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n = 529) | 203 (38.4%) | 1.00 | |
Transgender (n = 176) | 92 (52.3%) | 1.56 (1.07–2.26) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 39 (55.7%) | 1.76 (1.04–2.99) | |
Smoke | 0.655 | ||
Cisgender (n = 531) | 133 (25.0%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 180) | 45 (25.0%) | 1.04 (0.68–1.59) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 15 (21.4%) | 0.76 (0.40–1.45) | |
Drank alcohol | 0.009 | ||
Cisgender (n = 532) | 342 (64.3%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 179) | 76 (42.5%) | 0.55 (0.38–0.81) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 40 (57.1%) | 0.75 (0.44–1.29) | |
Drug use | 0.992 | ||
Cisgender (n = 531) | 146 (27.5%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 179) | 43 (24.0%) | 1.02 (0.67–1.55) | |
Non-binary (n = 70) | 20 (28.6%) | 1.03 (0.57–1.85) | |
Happy or very happy | 0.000 | ||
Cisgender (n =492) | 411 (83.5%) | 1.0 | |
Transgender (n = 165) | 109 (66.1%) | 0.49 (0.32–0.76) | |
Non-binary (n = 57) | 35 (61.4%) | 0.38 (0.21–0.70) |
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Aparicio-García, M.E.; Díaz-Ramiro, E.M.; Rubio-Valdehita, S.; López-Núñez, M.I.; García-Nieto, I. Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102133
Aparicio-García ME, Díaz-Ramiro EM, Rubio-Valdehita S, López-Núñez MI, García-Nieto I. Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102133
Chicago/Turabian StyleAparicio-García, Marta Evelia, Eva María Díaz-Ramiro, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, María Inmaculada López-Núñez, and Isidro García-Nieto. 2018. "Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102133
APA StyleAparicio-García, M. E., Díaz-Ramiro, E. M., Rubio-Valdehita, S., López-Núñez, M. I., & García-Nieto, I. (2018). Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102133