Associations of PM2.5 and Black Carbon with Hospital Emergency Room Visits during Heavy Haze Events: A Case Study in Beijing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Health Data
2.2. Exposure Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | SD | Min. | Percentile | Max. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25% | 50% | 75% | |||||
Tem. (°C) | −3.5 | 3.0 | −9.7 | −5.3 | −3.5 | −1.6 | 5.0 |
RH (%) | 53.7 | 19.4 | 19.0 | 38.0 | 52.5 | 69.5 | 91.0 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 119.8 | 96.3 | 10.2 | 49.3 | 96.3 | 170.9 | 439.3 |
BC (μg/m3) | 5.2 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 7.5 | 19.1 |
SO2 (μg/m3) | 56.8 | 28.6 | 10.1 | 37.6 | 51.5 | 76.8 | 131.0 |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 68.5 | 30.6 | 12.6 | 44.9 | 69.8 | 89.3 | 144.1 |
Res. (counts) | 26.1 | 14.8 | 7 | 16 | 21 | 34 | 79 |
Car. (counts) | 6.1 | 2.6 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 15 |
Ocu. (counts) | 11.3 | 6.2 | 2 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 28 |
Variable | Tem. (lag0–14) | RH (lag0–14) | PM2.5 (lag0) | BC (lag0) | SO2 (lag2) | NO2 (lag2) | Res. | Car. | Ocu. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tem. (lag0–14) | 1.000 | ||||||||
RH (lag0–14) | −0.046 | 1.000 | |||||||
PM2.5 (lag0) | −0.119 | 0.137 | 1.000 | ||||||
BC (lag0) | −0.118 | 0.110 | 0.920 ** | 1.000 | |||||
SO2 (lag2) | −0.145 | 0.155 | 0.186 | 0.179 | 1.000 | ||||
NO2 (lag2) | −0.159 | 0.291 ** | 0.204 | 0.193 | 0.914 ** | 1.000 | |||
Res. | −0.442 ** | −0.019 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.183 | 0.164 | 1.000 | ||
Car. | −0.220 * | 0.090 | 0.171 | 0.169 | −0.095 | −0.029 | 0.080 | 1.000 | |
Ocu. | −0.078 | −0.017 | −0.099 | −0.123 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.576 ** | 0.025 | 1.000 |
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Liang, F.; Tian, L.; Guo, Q.; Westerdahl, D.; Liu, Y.; Jin, X.; Li, G.; Pan, X. Associations of PM2.5 and Black Carbon with Hospital Emergency Room Visits during Heavy Haze Events: A Case Study in Beijing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070725
Liang F, Tian L, Guo Q, Westerdahl D, Liu Y, Jin X, Li G, Pan X. Associations of PM2.5 and Black Carbon with Hospital Emergency Room Visits during Heavy Haze Events: A Case Study in Beijing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070725
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Fengchao, Lin Tian, Qun Guo, Dane Westerdahl, Yang Liu, Xiaobin Jin, Guoxing Li, and Xiaochuan Pan. 2017. "Associations of PM2.5 and Black Carbon with Hospital Emergency Room Visits during Heavy Haze Events: A Case Study in Beijing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070725