Smoking Patterns and Smoking Cessation Willingness—A Study among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Piotrkowski District
2.2. Design and Sample
2.3. Participant Survey
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Smoking Prevalence and Patterns in the Study Population
3.3. Intentions to Quit Smoking and Quit Attempts
3.4. Associates of Current Daily Smoking
3.5. Associates of Intentions to Quit
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations and Strength
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total Sample | Women | Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Smokers | Non-Smokers | p | Total | Smokers | Non-Smokers | p | ||
Overall | n = 1817 | n = 1224 | n = 362 (29.6%) | n = 862 (70.4%) | n = 593 | n = 313 (52.8%) | n = 280 (47.2%) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Age (years) | |||||||||
18–29 | 209 (11.5) | 160 (76.6) | 45 (28.1) | 115 (71.9) | p > 0.05 | 49 (23.4) | 30 (61.2) | 19 (38.8) | p > 0.05 |
30–39 | 778 (42.8) | 566 (72.8) | 151 (26.7) | 415 (73.3) | 212 (27.2) | 102 (48.1) | 110 (51.9) | ||
40–49 | 601 (33.1) | 385 (64.1) | 129 (33.5) | 256 (66.5) | 216 (35.9) | 111 (51.4) | 105 (48.6) | ||
50–59 | 229 (12.6) | 113 (49.3) | 37 (32.7) | 76 (67.3) | 116 (50.7) | 70 (60.3) | 46 (39.7) | ||
Education | |||||||||
primary | 493 (27.7) | 283 (57.4) | 113 (39.9) | 170 (60.1) | p < 0.0001 | 210 (42.6) | 137 (65.2) | 73 (34.8) | p < 0.0001 |
vocational | 586 (32.9) | 351 (59.9) | 113 (32.2) | 238 (67.8) | 235 (40.1) | 128 (54.5) | 107 (45.5) | ||
secondary | 606 (34.0) | 475 (78.4) | 122 (25.7) | 353 (74.3) | 131 (21.6) | 43 (32.8) | 88 (67.2) | ||
high | 96 (5.4) | 88 (91.7) | 7 (8.0) | 81 (92.0) | 8 (8.3) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | ||
Missing data | 36 (2.0) | 27 (2.2) | 7 (1.9) | 20 (2.3) | 9 (1.5) | 4 (1.3) | 5 (1.8) | ||
Employment status | |||||||||
permanent job | 533 (29.5) | 310 (58.2) | 79 (25.5) | 231 (74.5) | p > 0.05 | 223 (41.8) | 82 (36.8) | 141 (63.2) | p < 0.0001 |
temporary job | 156 (8.6) | 85 (54.5) | 34 (40.0) | 51 (60.0) | 71 (45.5) | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | ||
disabled or retired | 54 (3.0) | 26 (48.1) | 6 (23.1) | 20 (76.9) | 28 (51.9) | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | ||
student | 2 (0.1) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
unemployed | 1060 (58.7) | 793 (74.8) | 241 (30.4) | 552 (69.6) | 267 (25.2) | 167 (62.5) | 100 (37.5) | ||
Missing data | 12 (0.7) | 8 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 7 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | ||
Subjective assessment of monthly income | |||||||||
sufficient to cover all living needs plus may save a certain amount | 20 (1.1) | 16 (80.0) | 2 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) | p < 0.0001 | 4 (20.0) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | p < 0.0001 |
sufficient to cover all living needs | 198 (10.9) | 143 (72.2) | 26 (18.2) | 117 (81.8) | 55 (27.8) | 14 (25.5) | 41 (74.5) | ||
sufficient to cover basic needs only | 933 (51.5) | 650 (69.7) | 193 (29.7) | 457 (70.3) | 283 (30.3) | 142 (50.2) | 141 (49.8) | ||
not sufficient to cover even the basic needs | 454 (25.1) | 266 (58.6) | 101 (38.0) | 165 (62.0) | 188 (41.4) | 125 (66.5) | 63 (33.5) | ||
Declined response | 64 (3.5) | 42 (65.6) | 7 (16.7) | 35 (83.3) | 22 (34.4) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | ||
difficult to say | 141 (7.8) | 101 (71.6) | 32 (31.7) | 69 (68.3) | 40 (28.4) | 21 (52.5) | 19 (47.5) | ||
Missing data | 7 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Subjective health state | |||||||||
fair | 632 (35.0) | 434 (35.6) | 112 (25.8) | 322 (74.2) | p > 0.05 | 198 (34.3) | 107 (54.0) | 91 (46.0) | p > 0.05 |
rather fair | 559 (31.0) | 405 (33.6) | 121 (29.9) | 284 (60.1) | 154 (26.2) | 77 (50.0) | 77 (50.0) | ||
neither fair nor poor | 420 (23.3) | 275 (22.6) | 89 (32.4) | 186 (67.6) | 145 (24.7) | 78 (53.8) | 67 (46.2) | ||
rather poor | 141 (7.8) | 80 (6.6) | 31 (38.7) | 49 (61.3) | 61 (10.4) | 30 (49.2) | 31 (50.8) | ||
poor | 53 (2.9) | 24 (2.0) | 7 (29.2) | 17 (60.8) | 29 (4.9) | 20 (69.0) | 9 (31.0) | ||
Missing data | 12 (0.7) | 6 (0.5) | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 6 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (1.8) | ||
Number of health problems | |||||||||
none | 245 (13.7) | 137 (11.4) | 35 (25.5) | 102 (74.5) | p > 0.05 | 108 (18.4) | 61 (56.5) | 47 (43.5) | p > 0.05 |
1–3 health problems | 968 (54.3) | 645 (53.8) | 176 (27.3) | 469 (72.7) | 323 (55.1) | 176 (54.5) | 147 (45.5) | ||
4–6 health problems | 469 (26.3) | 344 (28.7) | 115 (33.4) | 229 (66.6) | 125 (21.3) | 58 (46.4) | 67 (53.6) | ||
≥ 7 health problems | 102 (5.7) | 72 (6.0) | 24 (33.3) | 48 (66.7) | 30 (5.1) | 13 (43.3) | 17 (56.7) | ||
Missing data | 33 (1.8) | 26 (2.1) | 12 (2.1) | 14 (1.6) | 7 (1.2) | 5 (1.6) | 2 (0.7) | ||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
do not drink at all | 803 (47.0) | 638 (54.9) | 170 (26.4) | 468 (73.6) | p < 0.05 | 165 (30.2) | 74 (44.8) | 91 (55.2) | p < 0.05 |
moderate drinking and heavy drinking | 903 (52.9) | 524 (45.1) | 170 (32.4) | 354 (67.6) | 379 (69.4) | 206 (54.4) | 173 (45.6) | ||
Missing data | 109 (6.0) | 62 (5.1) | 22 (6.1) | 40 (4.6) | 47 (7.9) | 31 (9.9) | 16 (5.7) | ||
Awareness of smoking-associated health risks | |||||||||
yes | 1677 (92.4) | 1147 (93.9) | 320 (27.9) | 827 (72.1) | p < 0.0001 | 530 (89.5) | 274 (51.7) | 256(48.3) | p > 0.05 |
no | 137 (7.6) | 75 (6.1) | 41 (54.7) | 34 (35.3) | 62 (10.5) | 39 (62.9) | 23 (37.1) | ||
Missing data | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | ||
Use of e-cigarettes | |||||||||
past use | 127 (7.0) | 70 (5.7) | 53 (75.7) | 17 (24.3) | p < 0.0001 | 57 (9.6) | 47 (82.5) | 10 (17.5) | p < 0.0001 |
current use | 42 (2.3) | 21 (1.7) | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) | 21 (3.5) | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) | ||
never use | 1642 (90.7) | 1129 (92.5) | 292 (25.9) | 837 (74.1) | 513 (86.8) | 250 (48.7) | 263 (51.3) | ||
Missing data | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | ||
ETS exposure (total number of hours per day) | |||||||||
0 | 1041 (57.6) | 744 (61.1) | 149 (20.0) | 595 (80.0) | p < 0.0001 | 297 (50.2) | 100 (33.7) | 197 (66.3) | p < 0.0001 |
<1h | 390 (21.6) | 268 (22.0) | 109 (40.7) | 159 (59.3) | 122 (20.4) | 70 (57.4) | 52 (42.6) | ||
1–5h | 162 (9.0) | 90 (7.4) | 32 (35.6) | 58 (64.4) | 72 (12.2) | 55 (76.4) | 17 (23.6) | ||
5–8h | 76 (4.2) | 44 (3.6) | 21 (47.7) | 23 (52.3) | 32 (5.4) | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.3) | ||
More than 8h | 140 (7.7) | 72 (5.9) | 48 (66.7) | 24 (33.3) | 68 (11.5) | 64 (94.1) | 4 (5.9) | ||
Missing data | 8 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Smoking Status | Total n | % | Women | Men | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||||
Current daily smoker | 560 | 30.8 | 271 | 22.1 (19.8–24.4) | 289 | 48.7 (44.7–52.7) | p < 0.0001 |
Current occasional smoker | 115 | 6.3 | 91 | 7.4 (5.9–8.9) | 24 | 4.0 (2.4–5.6) | p < 0.05 |
Never smoker | 864 | 47.6 | 684 | 55.9 (53.1–58.7) | 180 | 30.4 (26.7–34.1) | p < 0.0001 |
Former smoker | 278 | 15.3 | 178 | 14.5 (12.5–16.5) | 100 | 16.9 (13.9–19.9) | p > 0.05 |
Missing data | 1 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.08 | 0 | ||
The type of cigarettes smoked the most | |||||||
Regular filter cigarettes | 493 | 74.4 | 246 | 69.5 (64.7–74.3) | 247 | 79.9 (75.4–84.4) | p < 0.05 |
Non-filter | 5 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.6 (0.0–1.4) | 3 | 1.0 (0.0–2.1) | p > 0.05 |
Hand-rolled | 96 | 14.5 | 42 | 11.9 (8.5–15.3) | 54 | 17.5 (13.3–21.7) | p < 0.05 |
Slim | 31 | 4.7 | 29 | 8.2 (5.3–11.1) | 2 | 0.6 (0.0–1.5) | p < 0.0001 |
Menthol | 38 | 5.7 | 35 | 9.9 (6.8–13.0) | 3 | 1.0 (0.0–2.1) | p < 0.0001 |
Missing data | 12 | 1.8 | 8 | 2.2 | 4 1.3 | ||
Age at smoking onset Mean (± SD) | 19.10 ± 3.96 | 19.88 ± 4.44 | 18.18 ± 3.08 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Number of cigarettes smoked daily Mean (± SD) | 14.53 ± 7.23 | 12.89 ± 7.05 | 16.17 ± 7.04 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Filter | 14.18 ± 6.86 | 12.60 ± 6.27 | 15.63 ± 7.06 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Non-filter | 15.00 ± 5.00 | 10.00 | 17.50 ± 3.54 | p > 0.05 | |||
Hand-rolled | 17.48 ± 8.40 | 16.71 ± 10.42 | 18.00 ± 6.75 | p > 0.05 | |||
Slim | 12.59 ± 6.08 | 11.85 ± 5.88 | 20.00 ± 0.00 | - | |||
Menthol | 10.89 ± 7.23 | 9.82 ± 5.89 | 20.00 ± 14.14 | - |
Quitting Intentions | Total n | Total % | Women | Men | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||||||
Intend to quit smoking within the next month | 112 | 16.7 | 63 | 17.5 (13.6–21.4) | 49 | 15.8 (11.7–19.8) | p > 0.05 | ||
Consider quitting smoking within the next 12 months | 234 | 34.8 | 129 | 35.7 (30.8–40.6) | 105 | 33.8 (28.6–39.1) | p > 0.05 | ||
Will quit smoking but not within the next 12 months | 68 | 10.1 | 37 | 10.2 (7.1–13.3) | 31 | 10.0 (6.7–13.3) | p > 0.05 | ||
Do not intend to quit smoking | 90 | 13.4 | 43 | 11.9 (8.6–15.2) | 47 | 15.1 (11.1–19.1) | p > 0.05 | ||
Don’t know/undecided | 168 | 25.0 | 89 | 24.6 (20.1–29.0) | 79 | 25.4 (20.6–30.2) | p > 0.05 | ||
Missing data | 3 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.6 | |||
Previous quit attempts | |||||||||
No | 131 | 19.4 | 69 | 19.1 (15.0–23.2) | 62 | 19.8 (15.3–24.3) | p > 0.05 | ||
Yes | 533 | 79.0 | 288 | 79.6 (75.4–83.8) | 245 | 78.3 (73.7–82.9) | p > 0.05 | ||
Missing data | 11 | 1.6 | 5 | 1.4 | 6 | 1.9 | |||
Number of previous quit attempts Mean (±SD) | 3.49 ± 3.32 | 3.71 ± 3.76 | 3.21 ± 2.69 | p > 0.05 | |||||
Time of the last attempt to quit smoking | |||||||||
Within the last month | 77 | 14.5 | 51 | 17.8 (13.9–1.7) | 26 | 10.7 (7.3–14.1) | p < 0.01 | ||
1 to 6 months | 83 | 15.7 | 52 | 18.1 (14.1–22.1) | 31 | 12.8 (9.1–16.5) | p > 0.05 | ||
6 to 12 months | 71 | 13.4 | 42 | 14.6 (11.0–18.2) | 29 | 11.9 (8.3–15.5) | p > 0.05 | ||
Over 12 months prior to study | 299 | 56.4 | 142 | 49.5 (44.3–54.7) | 157 | 64.6 (59.3–69.9) | p < 0.0001 | ||
Missing data | 3 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.8 |
Variable | Total (n) | Daily Smokers | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multivariate Logistic Regression a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Gender | |||||||
male | 366 | 173 | 47.3 | 3.19 *** | 2.45–4.16 | 2.87 *** | 2.10–3.92 |
female | 802 | 176 | 21.9 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
Age (years) | |||||||
18–29 | 122 | 36 | 29.5 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
30–39 | 508 | 129 | 25.4 | 0.81 | 0.52–1.26 | ||
40–49 | 395 | 137 | 34.7 | 1.27 | 0.82–1.97 | ||
50–59 | 143 | 47 | 32.9 | 1.17 | 0.69–1.97 | ||
Education | |||||||
primary | 324 | 135 | 41.7 | 40.71 *** | 5.49–301.85 | 28.51 ** | 3.71–218.82 |
vocational | 399 | 130 | 32.6 | 27.55 *** | 3.73–203.42 | 20.19 ** | 2.63–154.44 |
secondary | 387 | 83 | 21.5 | 15.56 ** | 2.11–115.04 | 13.81 * | 1.80–105.70 |
high | 58 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | reference |
Occupational classification | |||||||
permanent job | 344 | 88 | 25.6 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | reference |
temporary job | 94 | 41 | 43.6 | 2.25 *** | 1.40–3.62 | 1.84 * | 1.05–3.22 |
economically not active (disabled or retired) | 32 | 5 | 15.6 | 0.54 | 0.20–1.44 | 0.40 | 0.13–1.23 |
unemployed | 698 | 215 | 30.8 | 1.29 | 0.97–173 | 1.58 * | 1.11–2.25 |
Subjective assessment of monthly income | |||||||
sufficient to cover all living needs plus may save a certain amount | 14 | 4 | 28.6 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
sufficient to cover all living needs | 130 | 20 | 15.4 | 0.45 | 0.13–1.60 | ||
sufficient to cover basic needs only | 635 | 195 | 30.7 | 1.11 | 0.34–3.58 | ||
not sufficient to cover even the basic needs | 289 | 112 | 38.7 | 1.58 | 0.48–5.17 | ||
difficult to say/decline to answer | 100 | 18 | 18.0 | 0.55 | 0.15–1.95 | ||
Subjective health state | |||||||
fair | 415 | 118 | 28.4 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
rather fair | 352 | 99 | 28.1 | 0.98 | 0.72–1.35 | ||
neither fair nor poor | 274 | 87 | 31.7 | 1.17 | 0.84–1.63 | ||
rather poor | 95 | 30 | 31.6 | 1.16 | 0.72–1.88 | ||
poor | 32 | 15 | 46.7 | 2.22* | 1.07–4.59 | ||
Number of health problems | |||||||
none | 157 | 39 | 24.8 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
1–3 health problems | 621 | 195 | 31.4 | 1.38 | 0.93–2.07 | ||
4–6 health problems | 319 | 93 | 29.2 | 1.25 | 0.81–1.92 | ||
≥7 health problems | 71 | 22 | 31.0 | 1.36 | 0.73–2.53 | ||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||
do not drink at all | 540 | 131 | 24.3 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
moderate and heavy drinking | 628 | 218 | 34.7 | 1.66 *** | 1.28–2.15 | ||
Awareness of smoking-associated health risks | |||||||
yes | 1105 | 318 | 28.8 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
no | 63 | 31 | 49.2 | 2.40 *** | 1.44–4.00 | 1.97 * | 1.10–3.56 |
Use of e-cigarettes | |||||||
past use | 72 | 50 | 69.4 | 6.37 *** | 3.78–10.71 | 8.16 *** | 4.50–14.78 |
current use | 28 | 18 | 64.3 | 5.04 *** | 2.30–11.07 | 3.47 ** | 1.39–8.64 |
never use | 1068 | 281 | 26.3 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
ETS exposure number of hours per day | |||||||
0 | 646 | 121 | 18.7 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
<1 h | 274 | 98 | 35.8 | 2.42 *** | 1.76–3.32 | 2.29 *** | 1.61–3.25 |
1–5 h | 119 | 50 | 42.0 | 3.14 *** | 2.08–4.76 | 2.50 *** | 1.58–3.94 |
5–8 h | 56 | 29 | 51.8 | 4.66 *** | 2.66–8.17 | 3.98 *** | 2.16–7.35 |
>8 h | 73 | 51 | 69.9 | 10.06 *** | 5.87–17.24 | 8.02 *** | 4.46–14.42 |
Variable | Total (n) | Daily Smokers Intention to Quit Smoking within 12 Months | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multivariate Logistic Regression a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Gender | |||||||
male | 144 | 77 | 53.5 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
female | 152 | 85 | 55.9 | 1.10 | 0.70–1.75 | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
18–29 | 29 | 15 | 51.7 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
30–39 | 110 | 53 | 48.2 | 0.87 | 0.38–1.97 | ||
40–49 | 120 | 69 | 57.5 | 1.26 | 0.56–2.86 | ||
50–59 | 37 | 25 | 67.6 | 1.94 | 0.71–5.32 | ||
Age at smoking onset (years) | |||||||
≥17 | 89 | 50 | 56.2 | 0.73 | 0.35–1.51 | ||
18–20 | 160 | 82 | 51.2 | 0.60 | 0.30–1.16 | ||
>20 | 47 | 30 | 63.8 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
Education | |||||||
primary | 110 | 63 | 57.3 | 1.17 | 0.65–2.12 | 1.00 | reference |
vocational | 111 | 59 | 53.2 | 0.99 | 0.55–1.79 | ||
secondary | 75 | 40 | 53.3 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
high | 0 | ||||||
Occupational classification | |||||||
permanent job | 78 | 42 | 53.8 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | reference |
temporary job | 39 | 19 | 48.7 | 0.81 | 0.38–1.76 | ||
economically not active (disabled or retired) | 3 | 2 | 66.7 | 1.71 | 0.15–19.91 | ||
unemployed | 176 | 99 | 56.3 | 1.10 | 0.64–1.89 | ||
Subjective assessment of monthly income | |||||||
sufficient to cover all living needs plus may save a certain amount | 3 | 1 | 33.3 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
sufficient to cover all living needs | 19 | 8 | 42.1 | 1.45 | 0.11–19.12 | ||
sufficient to cover basic needs only | 168 | 97 | 57.7 | 2.73 | 0.24–31.08 | ||
not sufficient to cover even the basic needs | 89 | 50 | 56.2 | 2.56 | 0.22–29.66 | ||
difficult to say/decline to answer | 17 | 6 | 35.3 | 1.09 | 0.08–14.83 | ||
Subjective health state | |||||||
fair | 102 | 58 | 58.9 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
rather fair | 87 | 50 | 57.5 | 1.03 | 0.57–1.83 | ||
neither fair nor poor | 71 | 33 | 46.5 | 0.66 | 0.36–1.21 | ||
rather poor | 24 | 16 | 66.7 | 1.52 | 0.59–3.88 | ||
poor | 12 | 5 | 41.7 | 0.54 | 0.16–1.83 | ||
Number of health problems | |||||||
none | 35 | 23 | 65.7 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
1–3 health problems | 165 | 82 | 49.7 | 0.52 | 0.24–1.11 | ||
4–6 health problems | 77 | 46 | 59.7 | 0.77 | 0.34–1.79 | ||
≥7 health problems | 19 | 11 | 57.9 | 0.72 | 0.23–2.27 | ||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||
do not drink | 109 | 62 | 56.9 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
moderate and heavy | 187 | 100 | 53.5 | 0.87 | 0.54–1.40 | ||
Awareness of smoking-associated health risks | |||||||
yes | 270 | 157 | 58.2 | 5.84 *** | 2.12–16.03 | 6.07 *** | 2.16-17.08 |
no | 26 | 5 | 19.2 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
Number of cigarettes smoked per day | |||||||
<10 | 64 | 44 | 68.7 | 2.20 * | 1.13–4.30 | ||
10–20 | 138 | 71 | 51.5 | 1.06 | 0.63–1.79 | ||
>20 | 94 | 47 | 50.0 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
Use of e-cigarettes | |||||||
past use | 45 | 26 | 57.8 | 1.14 | 0.60–2.17 | ||
current use | 11 | 5 | 45.5 | 0.69 | 0.20–2.35 | ||
never use | 240 | 131 | 54.6 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
ETS exposure (total number of hours per day) | |||||||
0 | 104 | 49 | 47.1 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
<1 h | 85 | 55 | 64.7 | 2.06 * | 1.14–3.72 | 2.14 * | 1.15–3.96 |
1–5 h | 42 | 27 | 64.3 | 2.02 | 0.96–4.25 | 2.14 # | 0.99–4.66 |
5–8 h | 25 | 12 | 48.0 | 1.04 | 0.43–2.49 | 1.12 | 0.45–2.78 |
>8 h | 40 | 19 | 47.5 | 1.02 | 0.49–2.11 | 1.04 | 0.49–2.24 |
Previous quit attempts | |||||||
yes | 34 | 11 | 32.4 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference |
no | 262 | 151 | 57.6 | 2.84 ** | 1.33–6.10 | 2.81 ** | 1.27–6.25 |
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Milcarz, K.; Makowiec-Dąbrowska, T.; Bak-Romaniszyn, L.; Kaleta, D. Smoking Patterns and Smoking Cessation Willingness—A Study among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020131
Milcarz K, Makowiec-Dąbrowska T, Bak-Romaniszyn L, Kaleta D. Smoking Patterns and Smoking Cessation Willingness—A Study among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(2):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020131
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilcarz, Katarzyna, Teresa Makowiec-Dąbrowska, Leokadia Bak-Romaniszyn, and Dorota Kaleta. 2017. "Smoking Patterns and Smoking Cessation Willingness—A Study among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020131
APA StyleMilcarz, K., Makowiec-Dąbrowska, T., Bak-Romaniszyn, L., & Kaleta, D. (2017). Smoking Patterns and Smoking Cessation Willingness—A Study among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020131