Multi-Source Generation Mechanisms for Low Frequency Noise Induced by Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation from a High Dam with a Ski-Jump Type Spillway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Prototype Observation
2.1.1. Prototype
2.1.2. Observation System and Conditions
2.2. Theoretical Model of Vortex Sound
2.3. Acoustic Numerical Model of Nappe-Cavity
2.4. Numerical Turbulent Flow Model
2.4.1. Gas-Liquid Turbulent Model
2.4.2. Simulation Domain and Boundary Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Prototype Observation
3.1.1. Spatial Distribution and Propagation Patterns
3.1.2. Correlation between LFN and Discharge Flow Regime
3.2. Generation Mechanism for LFN Induced by Submerged Jets
3.2.1. Validation of the Calculation of Turbulent Flow
3.2.2. Flow Velocity Distribution
3.2.3. Correlation Analysis for the Acoustic Source
3.3. Generation Mechanism of LFN Induced by Nappe-Cavity Coupled Vibration
3.3.1. Analysis of Acoustic Modal of the Cavity behind the Nappe Jets
3.3.2. Acoustic Response Analysis
3.4. Analysis of Contribution Degree of Multi-Sources to LFN Energy
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Q (m3/s) | Water Level Elevation (m) | Bottom Dscharge Orifice | Crest Overflowing Orifice | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upstream | Downstream | ||||
1 | 0 | / | / | / | / |
2 | 1090 | 1880.00 | 1646.61 | 3# | / |
3 | 2080 | 1880.00 | 1647.53 | 2#, 4# | / |
4 | 4360 | 1880.00 | 1650.08 | 1#, 2#, 4#, 5# | / |
5 | 5450 | 1880.00 | 1651.98 | 1#, 2#, 3#, 4#, 5# | / |
6 | 3840 | 1880.00 | 1650.02 | / | 1#2#3#4# |
7 | 4100 | 1880.00 | 1651.26 | 2#, 4# | 2#, 3# |
8 | 5190 | 1880.00 | 1651.69 | 2#, 3#, 4# | 2#, 3# |
Condition No. | Q (m3/s) | T7 | T9 | T11 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P (Pa) | P/Q (Pa/(m3/s)) | P (Pa) | P/Q (Pa/(m3/s)) | P (Pa) | P/Q (Pa/(m3/s)) | ||
2 | 1090 | 7.164 | 0.00657 | 6.404 | 0.00588 | 4.911 | 0.00451 |
3 | 2080 | 8.942 | 0.00430 | 7.155 | 0.00344 | 5.255 | 0.00253 |
4 | 4360 | 10.561 | 0.00242 | 8.893 | 0.00204 | 6.460 | 0.00148 |
5 | 5450 | 10.754 | 0.00197 | 8.971 | 0.00165 | 6.662 | 0.00122 |
6 | 3840 | 8.007 | 0.00209 | 6.435 | 0.00168 | 4.467 | 0.00116 |
7 | 4100 | 11.251 | 0.00274 | 8.726 | 0.00213 | 6.599 | 0.00161 |
8 | 5190 | 11.993 | 0.00231 | 10.249 | 0.00197 | 8.301 | 0.00160 |
Condition No. | Analysis Items of Nappe | Numerical Results | Theoretical Results | Relative Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Trajectory distance of 3# bottom discharge orifice (m) | 85.634 | 88.657 | 3.410 |
Initial water-entry velocity of 3# bottom discharge orifice (m/s) | 58.991 | 60.930 | 3.182 | |
5 | Trajectory distance of 3# bottom discharge orifice (m) | 86.441 | 88.243 | 2.042 |
Initial water-entry velocity of 3# bottom discharge orifice (m/s) | 59.026 | 60.593 | 2.586 | |
6 | Trajectory distance of 3# crest overflowing orifice (m) | 87.526 | 89.181 | 1.856 |
Initial water-entry velocity of 3# crest overflowing orifice (m/s) | 63.832 | 65.375 | 2.360 | |
8 | Trajectory distance of 3# crest overflowing orifice (m) | 84.079 | 86.024 | 2.261 |
Initial water-entry velocity of 3# crest overflowing orifice (m/s) | 63.759 | 65.628 | 2.848 | |
Trajectory distance of 3# bottom discharge orifice (m) | 84.172 | 86.265 | 2.426 | |
Initial water-entry velocity of 3# bottom discharge orifice (m/s) | 58.133 | 60.121 | 3.307 |
Condition 2 | Condition 6 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monitoring Point | Time-Averaged Value (s−1) | RMS (s−1) | Dominant Frequency (Hz) | Monitoring Point | Time-Averaged Value (s−1) | RMS (s−1) | Dominant Frequency (Hz) |
B1 | 24.601 | 0.920 | 0.227 | B1 | 27.876 | 3.175 | 0.196 |
B2 | 26.961 | 11.406 | 0.745 | B2 | 24.723 | 3.756 | 0.471 |
B3 | 1.749 | 0.878 | 0.318 | B3 | 2.843 | 1.672 | 0.269 |
B4 | 17.823 | 1.333 | 0.182 | B4 | 19.889 | 2.825 | 0.318 |
B5 | 20.502 | 4.764 | 0.364 | B5 | 24.866 | 6.208 | 0.567 |
B6 | 12.744 | 2.448 | 0.182 | B6 | 16.235 | 1.505 | 0.269 |
B7 | 5.599 | 2.779 | 0.427 | B7 | 22.844 | 5.334 | 0.710 |
B8 | 0.249 | 0.032 | / | B8 | 12.099 | 1.205 | 0.196 |
B9 | 7.764 | 3.411 | 0.436 | B9 | 20.964 | 8.566 | 0.441 |
B10 | 3.181 | 0.974 | 0.182 | B10 | 8.010 | 1.513 | 0.196 |
B11 | 19.654 | 12.389 | 0.563 | ||||
B12 | 5.555 | 1.794 | 0.392 | ||||
B13 | 8.399 | 6.021 | 0.514 |
Order No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
Modal Frequency | 0 | 1.054 | 1.676 | 1.974 | 2.633 | 2.657 | 2.797 | 2.900 | 3.169 | 3.318 |
Condition No. | Observation Point | P (Pa) | (Pa) | IC1 | (Pa) | IC2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | T9 | 6.404 | 6.995 | ≡1 | / | / |
T11 | 4.911 | 5.151 | ≡1 | / | / | |
5 | T9 | 8.971 | 5.722 | 0.638 | 6.910 | 0.770 |
T11 | 6.662 | 4.109 | 0.617 | 5.244 | 0.787 | |
6 | T9 | 6.435 | 3.865 | 0.601 | 5.145 | 0.799 |
T11 | 4.467 | 2.775 | 0.621 | 3.500 | 0.784 | |
8 | T9 | 10.249 | 10.620 | ≡1 | / | / |
T11 | 8.301 | 9.172 | ≡1 | / | / |
Condition No. | Observation Point | IC1 | IC2 | (Pa) | (Pa) | PT (Pa) | PP (Pa) | Relative Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | T5 | 0.619 | 0.785 | 6.989 | 8.863 | 11.291 | 11.532 | 2.091 |
T12 | 1.734 | 2.199 | 2.801 | 2.839 | 1.339 |
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Lian, J.; Wang, X.; Zhang, W.; Ma, B.; Liu, D. Multi-Source Generation Mechanisms for Low Frequency Noise Induced by Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation from a High Dam with a Ski-Jump Type Spillway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121482
Lian J, Wang X, Zhang W, Ma B, Liu D. Multi-Source Generation Mechanisms for Low Frequency Noise Induced by Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation from a High Dam with a Ski-Jump Type Spillway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(12):1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121482
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian, Jijian, Xiaoqun Wang, Wenjiao Zhang, Bin Ma, and Dongming Liu. 2017. "Multi-Source Generation Mechanisms for Low Frequency Noise Induced by Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation from a High Dam with a Ski-Jump Type Spillway" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 12: 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121482