The Prevalence and Characteristics of E-Cigarette Users in the U.S.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Primary Data
2.2. E-Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Use
2.3. Cigarette Smoking Variables
2.4. Socio-Demographic Variables
2.5. Policy Variables
2.6. Time and Region Variation
2.7. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Frequency of E-Cigarette Use
3.1.1. Total Population
3.1.2. E-Cigarette Use by Sex and Smoking Status
3.2. Logistic Regression Analysis
3.2.1. Total Population
3.2.2. By Smoking Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2014.
- Agaku, I.T.; Alpert, H.R. Trends in annual sales and current use of cigarettes, cigars, roll-your-own tobacco, pipes, and smokeless tobacco among US adults, 2002–2012. Tob. Control. 2015, 7, 451–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agaku, I.T.; King, B.A.; Husten, C.G.; Bunnell, R.; Ambrose, B.K.; Hu, S.S.; Holder-Hayes, E.; Day, H.R. Tobacco product use among adults—United States, 2012–2013. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2014, 63, 542–547. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- King, B.A.; Patel, R.; Nguyen, K.H.; Dube, S.R. Trends in awareness and use of electronic cigarettes among US adults, 2010–2013. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2015, 17, 219–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McMillen, R.C.; Gottlieb, M.A.; Shaefer, R.M.; Winickoff, J.P.; Klein, J.D. Trends in electronic cigarette use among U.S. Adults: Use is increasing in both smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2014, 17, 1195–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2016.
- Weaver, S.R.; Majeed, B.A.; Pechacek, T.F.; Nyman, A.L.; Gregory, K.R.; Eriksen, M.P. Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and other tobacco products among USA adults, 2014: Results from a national survey. Int. J. Public Health 2016, 61, 177–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, J.; Kim, Y.; Vera, L.; Emery, S.L. Electronic cigarettes among priority populations: Role of smoking cessation and tobacco control policies. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2016, 50, 199–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, S.H.; Gamst, A.; Lee, M.; Cummins, S.; Yin, L.; Zoref, L. The use and perception of electronic cigarettes and snus among the U.S. Population. PLoS ONE 2013, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giovenco, D.P.; Lewis, M.J.; Delnevo, C.D. Factors associated with e-cigarette use: A national population survey of current and former smokers. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014, 47, 476–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delnevo, C.D.; Giovenco, D.P.; Steinberg, M.B.; Villanti, A.C.; Pearson, J.L.; Niaura, R.S.; Abrams, D.B. Patterns of electronic cigarette use among adults in the united states. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2016, 18, 715–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Syamlal, G.; Jamal, A.; King, B.A.; Mazurek, J.M. Electronic cigarette use among working adults—United States, 2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2016, 65, 557–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, J.; Beard, E.; Kotz, D.; Michie, S.; West, R. Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: A cross-sectional population study. Addiction 2014, 109, 1531–1540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, J.; West, R.; Beard, E.; Michie, S.; Shahab, L.; McNeill, A. Prevalence and characteristics of e-cigarette users in great britain: Findings from a general population survey of smokers. Addict. Behav. 2014, 39, 1120–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christensen, T.; Welsh, E.; Faseru, B. Profile of e-cigarette use and its relationship with cigarette quit attempts and abstinence in kansas adults. Prev. Med. 2014, 69, 90–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Etter, J.F.; Bullen, C. Electronic cigarette: Users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction 2011, 106, 2017–2028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pearson, J.L.; Stanton, C.A.; Cha, S.; Niaura, R.S.; Luta, G.; Graham, A.L. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation: Insights and cautions from a secondary analysis of data from a study of online treatment-seeking smokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2015, 17, 1219–1227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, J.; Tauras, J.; Chaloupka, F.J. The impact of price and tobacco control policies on the demand for electronic nicotine delivery systems. Tob. Control 2014, 23, iii41–iii47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stoklosa, M.; Drope, J.; Chaloupka, F.J. Prices and e-cigarette demand: Evidence from the European Union. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2016, 18, 1973–1980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, Y.; Zhen, C.; Dench, D.; Nonnemaker, J.M.U.S. Demand for tobacco products in a system framework. Health Econ. 2016, 26, 1067–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- U.S. Department of Commerce, C.B. National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Co-Sponsored Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (2010–11). Available online: http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/tus-cps/ (accessed on 1 February 2017).
- Centers for Disease Control. Cdc State System. Available online: http://nccd.cdc.gov/STATESystem/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=OSH_State.CustomReports&rdAgReset=True&rdShowModes=showResults&rdShowWait=true&rdPaging=Interactive (accessed on 21 January 2017).
- Callinan, J.E.; Clarke, A.; Doherty, K.; Kelleher, C. Legislative smoking bans for reducing secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census Regions and Divisions of the United States. Available online: http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf (accessed on 2 July 2016).
- Levy, D.T.; Yuan, Z.; Luo, Y.; Abrams, D.B. The relationship of e-cigarette use to cigarette quit attempts and cessation: Insights from a large, nationally representative U.S. Survey. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Wang, J.W.; Cao, S.S.; Wang, H.Q.; Hu, R.Y. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarettes use: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Filippidis, F.T.; Laverty, A.A.; Gerovasili, V.; Vardavas, C.I. Two-year trends and predictors of e-cigarette use in 27 European Union member states. Tob. Control 2017, 26, 98–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Filippidis, F.T.; Laverty, A.A.; Vardavas, C.I. Experimentation with e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid: A cross-sectional study in 28 European Union member states. BMJ Open 2016, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vardavas, C.I.; Filippidis, F.T.; Agaku, I.T. Determinants and prevalence of e-cigarette use throughout the European Union: A secondary analysis of 26,566 youth and adults from 27 countries. Tob. Control 2015, 24, 442–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farsalinos, K.E.; Poulas, K.; Voudris, V.; Le Houezec, J. Electronic cigarette use in the european union: Analysis of a representative sample of 27,460 Europeans from 28 countries. Addiction 2016, 111, 2032–2040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reid, J.L.; Rynard, V.L.; Czoli, C.D.; Hammond, D. Who is using e-cigarettes in Canada? Nationally representative data on the prevalence of e-cigarette use among Canadians. Prev. Med. 2015, 81, 180–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hummel, K.; Hoving, C.; Nagelhout, G.E.; de Vries, H.; van den Putte, B.; Candel, M.J.; Borland, R.; Willemsen, M.C. Prevalence and reasons for use of electronic cigarettes among smokers: Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) Netherlands survey. Int. J. Drug Policy 2014, 26, 601–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levy, D.T.; Cummings, K.M.; Villanti, A.C.; Niaura, R.; Abrams, D.B.; Fong, G.T.; Borland, R. A framework for evaluating the public health impact of e-cigarettes and other vaporized nicotine products. Addiction 2017, 112, 8–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variable | Categories | Sample Size | Ever Use of an E-Cigarette | Current Use (≥1 of Past 30 Days) | Regular Use (≥20 of Past 30 Days) | Ratio (Current/Ever Use) | Ratio (Regular/Current Use) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate | χ2 (p) | Rate | χ2 (p) | Rate | χ2 (p) | |||||
Overall | 158,626 | 7.7% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 27.0% | 45.3% | ||||
Sex | Male | 70,588 | 8.6% | 134.6 | 2.3% | 20.9 | 1.1% | 44.7 | 26.4% | 49.7% |
Female | 88,038 | 7.0% | <0.001 | 1.9% | <0.001 | 0.8% | <0.001 | 27.6% | 41.3% | |
Age | 18–24 | 10,470 | 14.8% | 3.3% | 1.3% | 22.3% | 39.4% | |||
25–34 | 25,705 | 12.8% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 23.3% | 44.9% | ||||
35–44 | 26,191 | 9.4% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 28.0% | 44.6% | ||||
45–64 | 58,333 | 7.0% | 3357.7 | 2.1% | 544.0 | 1.0% | 204.2 | 30.0% | 46.7% | |
65+ | 37,927 | 2.3% | <0.001 | 0.7% | <0.001 | 0.4% | <0.001 | 32.5% | 49.6% | |
Race | White | 131,464 | 8.1% | 2.2% | 1.0% | 27.5% | 46.1% | |||
Black | 16,248 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 22.5% | 36.6% | ||||
Asian | 6388 | 3.6% | 548.9 | 0.8% | 192.2 | 0.3% | 105.3 | 21.5% | 38.8% | |
Other Races | 4526 | 12.7% | <0.001 | 3.4% | <0.001 | 1.5% | <0.001 | 27.0% | 42.6% | |
Hispanic | Hispanic | 16,724 | 4.7% | 235.1 | 1.1% | 88.5 | 0.4% | 50.8 | 23.3% | 40.0% |
Non-Hispanic | 141,902 | 8.1% | <0.001 | 2.2% | <0.001 | 1.0% | <0.001 | 27.3% | 45.6% | |
Education | Less than 12 years | 15,903 | 8.1% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 27.5% | 41.0% | |||
High school degree | 44,417 | 9.2% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 28.4% | 46.9% | ||||
Associate degree | 45,940 | 10.2% | 1,422.4 | 2.9% | 540.5 | 1.3% | 256.6 | 28.1% | 45.4% | |
College or higher degree | 52,366 | 4.2% | <0.001 | 0.9% | <0.001 | 0.4% | <0.001 | 21.9% | 44.5% | |
Family income | $0–$19,999 | 27,356 | 10.2% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 27.8% | 43.2% | |||
$20,000–$39,999 | 36,380 | 8.9% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 29.1% | 44.6% | ||||
$40,000–$74,999 | 43,473 | 7.7% | 604.0 | 2.0% | 225.7 | 0.9% | 75.3 | 25.8% | 45.9% | |
$75,000 or more | 51,417 | 5.7% | <0.001 | 1.4% | <0.001 | 0.7% | <0.001 | 25.3% | 47.9% | |
Marital status | Never Married | 34,492 | 12.1% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 23.4% | 42.0% | |||
Married Spouse Present | 83,335 | 5.6% | 1,484.4 | 1.6% | 235.7 | 0.7% | 85.9 | 28.2% | 46.5% | |
Married Spouse Absent or Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 40,799 | 8.4% | <0.001 | 2.5% | <0.001 | 1.2% | <0.001 | 29.9% | 46.9% | |
Employment status | Employed | 94,362 | 8.5% | 167.4 | 2.2% | 5.8 | 1.0% | 14.4 | 25.6% | 47.4% |
Not in labor force or unemployed | 64,264 | 6.7% | <0.001 | 2.0% | 0.016 | 0.8% | 0.000 | 29.7% | 42.1% | |
Metropolitan status | MSA | 122,702 | 7.4% | 82.3 | 2.0% | 15.5 | 0.9% | 2.9 | 27.2% | 45.9% |
Non-MSA | 35,924 | 8.9% | <0.001 | 2.4% | <0.001 | 1.0% | 0.087 | 26.5% | 43.6% | |
Indoor workers | Yes | 64,676 | 8.3% | 48.5 | 2.1% | 1.7 | 1.0% | 3.1 | 25.9% | 46.5% |
No | 93,950 | 7.4% | <0.001 | 2.1% | 0.187 | 0.9% | 0.080 | 27.9% | 44.5% | |
Current smoking status | Current smoker | 20,350 | 37.7% | 10.6% | 3.6% | 28.1% | 34.0% | |||
Never smokers | 104,654 | 1.4% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 14.3% | 31.8% | ||||
Former (<1 year) | 3152 | 43.4% | 16.3% | 12.7% | 37.6% | 77.8% | ||||
Former (1–3 years) | 2892 | 30.2% | 39,836.2 | 9.8% | 13,251.1 | 7.4% | 8,418.7 | 32.5% | 75.4% | |
Former (≥3 years) | 27,578 | 3.1% | <0.001 | 0.5% | <0.001 | 0.3% | <0.001 | 17.5% | 59.1% | |
Smoking frequency | Everyday smokers | 16,627 | 37.8% | 1.1 | 10.1% | 19.7 | 3.1% | 65.4 | 26.1% | 45.2% |
Someday smokers | 3723 | 36.9% | 0.3 | 12.6% | <0.001 | 5.8% | <0.001 | 34.1% | 46.3% | |
Cigarette per day | 1–4 | 4184 | 34.4% | 11.6% | 5.4% | 33.8% | 46.1% | |||
5–14 | 7657 | 37.4% | 10.4% | 3.6% | 27.8% | 35.0% | ||||
15–24 | 6989 | 39.4% | 32.9 | 10.1% | 7.2 | 2.6% | 57.8 | 25.5% | 26.2% | |
25+ | 1520 | 40.2% | <0.001 | 10.9% | 0.1 | 3.0% | <0.001 | 27.2% | 27.1% | |
First cigarette upon awakening | ≤5 min | 3501 | 42.6% | 11.5% | 4.1% | 27.1% | 35.1% | |||
5–30 min | 6810 | 38.7% | 64.2 | 10.6% | 4.7 | 3.2% | 6.2 | 27.4% | 30.0% | |
>30 min | 10,039 | 35.3% | <0.001 | 10.2% | 0.1 | 3.7% | 0.0 | 29.0% | 36.4% | |
Smokeless tobacco use § | Yes | 12,039 | 25.3% | 5,601.8 | 4.5% | 77.8 | 0.9% | 0.1 | - | - |
No | 146,587 | 6.3% | <0.001 | 2.0% | <0.001 | 0.9% | 0.8 | - | - | |
State level cigarette tax ranking † | Lowest quarter | 32,990 | 8.6% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 30.7% | 44.8% | |||
Med-low quarter | 47,024 | 7.8% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 26.9% | 48.0% | ||||
Med-high quarter | 40,094 | 7.7% | 71.9 | 2.0% | 80.2 | 0.8% | 37.3 | 25.9% | 41.8% | |
Highest quarter | 38,518 | 6.9% | <0.001 | 1.7% | <0.001 | 0.8% | <0.001 | 24.5% | 46.3% | |
Tobacco control spending per capita † | Lowest quarter | 40,960 | 7.8% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 29.7% | 44.7% | |||
Med-low quarter | 40,428 | 8.0% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 26.7% | 46.2% | ||||
Med-high quarter | 49,506 | 6.9% | 79.9 | 1.9% | 23.9 | 0.9% | 8.4 | 26.8% | 46.3% | |
Highest quarter | 27,732 | 8.7% | <0.001 | 2.1% | <0.001 | 0.9% | 0.038 | 24.3% | 43.6% | |
State level worksite smoking ban | Highest level | 98,752 | 7.7% | 0.0 | 2.0% | 9.6 | 0.9% | 9.5 | 25.9% | 44.4% |
Not highest level | 59,874 | 7.7% | 0.843 | 2.2% | 0.002 | 1.0% | 0.002 | 28.9% | 46.7% | |
State level worksite e-cigarette ban | Highest level | 7129 | 6.7% | 11.8 | 1.8% | 3.2 | 0.8% | 2.1 | 26.9% | 43.8% |
Not highest level | 151,497 | 7.8% | 0.001 | 2.1% | 0.075 | 1.0% | 0.149 | 27.0% | 45.4% | |
State level e-cigarette tax | Yes | 3003 | 8.8% | 5.1 | 2.2% | 0.2 | 1.3% | 4.8 | 24.9% | 60.6% |
No | 155,623 | 7.7% | 0.025 | 2.1% | 0.678 | 0.9% | 0.028 | 27.1% | 45.0% | |
Census division | East North Central | 18,088 | 8.8% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 26.1% | 44.4% | |||
East South Central | 10,926 | 8.9% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 30.5% | 49.3% | ||||
Middle Atlantic | 13,226 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 25.2% | 42.0% | ||||
Mountain | 18,768 | 8.7% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 29.6% | 46.3% | ||||
New England | 14,249 | 6.3% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 25.2% | 43.2% | ||||
Pacific | 21,002 | 6.8% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 23.6% | 46.3% | ||||
South Atlantic | 29,781 | 6.7% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 27.9% | 44.8% | ||||
West North Central | 16,529 | 9.3% | 282.2 | 2.4% | 124.3 | 1.0% | 73.1 | 25.9% | 41.6% | |
West South Central | 16,057 | 8.4% | <0.001 | 2.4% | <0.001 | 1.2% | <0.001 | 28.3% | 48.8% |
Variable | Category | Ever Use of an E-Cigarette | Current Use (≥1 of Past 30 Days) | Regular Use (≥20 of Past 30 Days) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR Δ | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Intercept | 0.01 *** | 0.010–0.015 | 0.00 *** | 0.002–0.004 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.001 | |
Sex (ref: Female) | Male | 0.68 *** | 0.634–0.735 | 0.89 ** | 0.797–0.992 | 1.04 | 0.883–1.224 |
Age (ref: 35–44) | 18–24 | 1.97 *** | 1.727–2.237 | 1.14 | 0.928–1.398 | 0.90 | 0.653–1.231 |
25–34 | 1.15 *** | 1.035–1.272 | 0.91 | 0.769–1.072 | 0.84 | 0.650–1.075 | |
45–64 | 0.70 *** | 0.649–0.752 | 0.79 *** | 0.699–0.885 | 0.84 ** | 0.712–0.998 | |
65+ | 0.34 *** | 0.304–0.380 | 0.47 *** | 0.392–0.568 | 0.51 *** | 0.391–0.666 | |
Age 18–34 * Male | 1.79 *** | 1.585–2.028 | 1.46 *** | 1.204–1.770 | 1.54 *** | 1.157–2.040 | |
Race (ref: White) | Asian | 0.61 *** | 0.504–0.745 | 0.50 *** | 0.342–0.732 | 0.40 *** | 0.214–0.756 |
Black | 0.54 *** | 0.484–0.607 | 0.44 *** | 0.360–0.538 | 0.38 *** | 0.273–0.522 | |
Other races | 1.27 *** | 1.075–1.493 | 1.34 ** | 1.056–1.698 | 1.05 | 0.763–1.456 | |
Hispanic (ref: Non-Hispanic) | Hispanic | 0.72 *** | 0.638–0.804 | 0.55 *** | 0.448–0.668 | 0.40 *** | 0.294–0.536 |
Education (ref: Less than 12 years) | High school degree | 1.25 *** | 1.119–1.387 | 1.23 *** | 1.054–1.440 | 1.39 *** | 1.101–1.756 |
Associate degree | 1.63 *** | 1.458–1.815 | 1.46 *** | 1.248–1.714 | 1.37 ** | 1.077–1.745 | |
College or higher degree | 1.25 *** | 1.107–1.416 | 0.99 | 0.811–1.199 | 0.84 | 0.624–1.117 | |
Family income (ref: $0–$19,999) | $20,000–$39,999 | 1.00 | 0.918–1.098 | 1.00 | 0.875–1.140 | 1.05 | 0.865–1.268 |
$40,000–$74,999 | 0.98 | 0.889–1.073 | 0.89 | 0.775–1.031 | 0.94 | 0.763–1.161 | |
$75,000 or more | 1.07 | 0.962–1.190 | 1.04 | 0.886–1.224 | 1.09 | 0.860–1.373 | |
Marital status (ref: Married–Spouse Present) | Never Married | 1.27 *** | 1.172–1.369 | 0.99 | 0.871–1.117 | 0.92 | 0.762–1.098 |
Married-Spouse Absent or Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.25 *** | 1.169–1.346 | 1.11 * | 0.992–1.238 | 1.16 * | 0.994–1.355 | |
Employment status (ref: Employed) | Not in labor force or unemployed | 1.02 | 0.930–1.110 | 1.10 | 0.961–1.268 | 1.01 | 0.825–1.232 |
Metropolitan status | MSA | 1.22 *** | 1.135–1.316 | 1.16 ** | 1.036–1.303 | 1.15 * | 0.977–1.362 |
Indoor workers (ref: No) | Yes | 1.06 | 0.977–1.148 | 1.13 * | 0.992–1.281 | 1.09 | 0.910–1.299 |
Current smoking status § (ref: Never Smokers) | Former(<1 year) | 40.69 *** | 34.987–47.333 | 55.66 *** | 43.846–70.649 | 137.53 *** | 96.2–196.5 |
Former (1–3 years) | 20.61 *** | 18.147–23.404 | 34.56 *** | 27.589–43.302 | 79.58 *** | 56.3–112.4 | |
Former (1–3 years) * Male | 0.90 | 0.726–1.108 | 1.36 ** | 1.049–1.750 | 1.28 | 0.949–1.731 | |
Former (≥3 years) | 2.37 *** | 2.131–2.643 | 2.41 *** | 1.880–3.077 | 4.45 *** | 3.1–6.5 | |
Current smokers | 21.29 *** | 18.006–25.166 | 34.46 *** | 25.905–45.841 | 39.37 *** | 24.5–63.4 | |
Current * Someday smokers | 1.33 *** | 1.135–1.562 | 1.47 *** | 1.172–1.842 | 1.88 *** | 1.306–2.716 | |
Current * 5–14 CPD | 1.46 *** | 1.249–1.712 | 1.03 | 0.824–1.297 | 0.84 | 0.578–1.223 | |
Current * 15–24 CPD | 1.59 *** | 1.342–1.886 | 0.94 | 0.736–1.207 | 0.51 *** | 0.328–0.775 | |
Current * 25+ CPD | 1.91 *** | 1.535–2.369 | 1.14 | 0.837–1.551 | 0.56 ** | 0.331–0.963 | |
Current * ≤ 5 min first cig | 1.28 *** | 1.136–1.443 | 1.25 ** | 1.052–1.481 | 1.62 *** | 1.207–2.162 | |
Current * 5–30 min first cig | 1.25 *** | 1.136–1.372 | 1.15 ** | 1.002–1.318 | 1.18 | 0.929–1.501 | |
Smokeless tobacco use † (ref: No) | Yes | 6.05 *** | 4.921–7.439 | 4.37 *** | 1.947–9.787 | 1.35 | 0.144–12.668 |
Yes * Male | 0.66 *** | 0.529–0.832 | 0.28 *** | 0.121–0.667 | 0.31 | 0.030–3.098 | |
State level cigarette tax ranking ‡ (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.07 | 0.958–1.191 | 0.96 | 0.819–1.135 | 1.13 | 0.893–1.427 |
Med-high quarter | 1.14 ** | 1.022–1.281 | 0.95 | 0.803–1.132 | 0.99 | 0.775–1.274 | |
Highest quarter | 1.25 *** | 1.093–1.439 | 0.90 | 0.715–1.120 | 1.02 | 0.736–1.419 | |
Tobacco control spending per capita ‡ (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.04 | 0.954–1.140 | 0.98 | 0.855–1.125 | 1.11 | 0.910–1.345 |
Med-high quarter | 0.95 | 0.866–1.043 | 0.91 | 0.792–1.051 | 0.96 | 0.785–1.184 | |
Highest quarter | 0.87 *** | 0.778–0.962 | 0.73 *** | 0.623–0.864 | 0.77 ** | 0.609–0.978 | |
State level worksite smoking ban | Highest level | 0.92 * | 0.837–1.001 | 0.99 | 0.864–1.143 | 0.95 | 0.776–1.158 |
State level worksite e-cigarette ban | Highest level | 0.84 ** | 0.714–0.996 | 1.11 | 0.847–1.440 | 1.21 | 0.814–1.796 |
State level e-cigarette tax | Yes | 0.88 | 0.700–1.115 | 0.96 | 0.665–1.392 | 1.24 | 0.755–2.041 |
Survey time (ref: July 2014) | Jan 2015 | 1.04 | 0.972–1.116 | 0.96 | 0.866–1.071 | 0.92 | 0.787–1.070 |
May 2015 | 0.99 | 0.926–1.067 | 0.86 *** | 0.768–0.958 | 0.94 | 0.806–1.103 | |
Census division (ref: Pacific) | East North Central | 0.83 *** | 0.727–0.957 | 0.92 | 0.740–1.144 | 0.86 | 0.628–1.187 |
East South Central | 0.81 *** | 0.705–0.933 | 1.05 | 0.843–1.308 | 1.29 | 0.948–1.755 | |
Middle Atlantic | 0.80 *** | 0.692–0.933 | 0.91 | 0.714–1.155 | 0.85 | 0.594–1.210 | |
Mountain | 1.20 ** | 1.043–1.373 | 1.34 *** | 1.080–1.668 | 1.42 ** | 1.035–1.948 | |
New England | 0.65 *** | 0.549–0.762 | 0.88 | 0.679–1.145 | 0.85 | 0.572–1.264 | |
South Atlantic | 0.85 *** | 0.751–0.960 | 1.05 | 0.860–1.276 | 1.17 | 0.874–1.557 | |
West North Central | 0.88 * | 0.763–1.019 | 1.02 | 0.812–1.276 | 1.02 | 0.731–1.429 | |
West South Central | 0.84 *** | 0.730–0.958 | 1.09 | 0.881–1.346 | 1.24 | 0.910–1.681 |
Variable | Category | Ever Use of an E-Cigarette | Current Use (≥1 of Past 30 Days) | Regular Use (≥20 of Past 30 Days) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR Δ | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Intercept | 0.38 *** | 0.284–0.505 | 0.08 *** | 0.053–0.128 | 0.02 *** | 0.011–0.044 | |
Sex (ref: Female) | Male | 0.57 *** | 0.515–0.620 | 0.74 *** | 0.650–0.846 | 0.84 | 0.686–1.037 |
Age (ref: 35–44) | 18–24 | 1.56 *** | 1.296–1.865 | 1.15 | 0.886–1.481 | 1.05 | 0.721–1.539 |
25–34 | 1.11 | 0.973–1.275 | 0.98 | 0.803–1.183 | 0.89 | 0.655–1.205 | |
45–64 | 0.73 *** | 0.663–0.804 | 0.80 *** | 0.701–0.923 | 0.83 * | 0.675–1.008 | |
65+ | 0.45 *** | 0.392–0.521 | 0.57 *** | 0.462–0.703 | 0.63 *** | 0.465–0.860 | |
Age 18–34 * Male | 1.45 *** | 1.237–1.701 | 1.32 ** | 1.043–1.660 | 1.52 ** | 1.075–2.154 | |
Race (ref: White) | Asian | 0.70 ** | 0.538–0.922 | 0.60 ** | 0.369–0.981 | 0.54 | 0.241–1.200 |
Black | 0.65 *** | 0.570–0.750 | 0.56 *** | 0.439–0.701 | 0.51 *** | 0.348–0.760 | |
Other races | 1.28 ** | 1.054–1.554 | 1.47 *** | 1.121–1.939 | 1.30 | 0.889–1.913 | |
Hispanic (ref: Non-Hispanic) | Hispanic | 0.73 *** | 0.625–0.853 | 0.61 *** | 0.476–0.787 | 0.46 *** | 0.315–0.682 |
Education (ref: Less than 12 years) | High school degree | 1.18 *** | 1.052–1.321 | 1.21 ** | 1.018–1.444 | 1.38 ** | 1.053–1.806 |
Associate degree | 1.51 *** | 1.340–1.699 | 1.49 *** | 1.245–1.781 | 1.45 *** | 1.095–1.922 | |
College degree or higher | 1.56 *** | 1.347–1.808 | 1.42 *** | 1.130–1.780 | 1.26 | 0.885–1.791 | |
Family income (ref: $0-$19,999) | $20,000–$39,999 | 1.03 | 0.935–1.143 | 0.98 | 0.846–1.136 | 0.96 | 0.769–1.199 |
$40,000–$74,999 | 1.02 | 0.917–1.141 | 0.89 | 0.759–1.052 | 0.90 | 0.700–1.156 | |
$75,000 or more | 1.20 *** | 1.058–1.364 | 1.02 | 0.847–1.232 | 1.08 | 0.820–1.423 | |
Marital status (ref: Married-Spouse Present) | Never Married | 0.94 | 0.845–1.035 | 0.87 * | 0.753–1.011 | 0.88 | 0.703–1.096 |
Married-Spouse Absent or Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.04 | 0.955–1.138 | 0.98 | 0.861–1.109 | 1.11 | 0.925–1.338 | |
Employment status (ref: Employed) | Not in labor force or unemployed | 1.00 | 0.899–1.111 | 1.19 ** | 1.012–1.389 | 1.02 | 0.807–1.292 |
Metropolitan status (ref: Non-MSA) | MSA | 1.20 *** | 1.102–1.310 | 1.14 ** | 1.002–1.302 | 1.09 | 0.894–1.330 |
Indoor workers (ref: No) | Yes | 0.99 | 0.891–1.090 | 1.17 ** | 1.006–1.366 | 1.09 | 0.873–1.348 |
Current smoking status (ref: Current Smokers) | Ex-Smokers (<1 year) | 1.29 *** | 1.099–1.507 | 1.50 *** | 1.220–1.845 | 3.94 *** | 3.056–5.078 |
Ex-Smokers (<1 years) * Male | 1.15 | 0.913–1.440 | 1.60 *** | 1.198–2.128 | 1.49 ** | 1.055–2.097 | |
Smoking frequency 12 month ago (ref: Everyday smokers) | Someday smokers | 1.27 *** | 1.099–1.466 | 1.45 *** | 1.158–1.804 | 1.28 | 0.920–1.778 |
Cigarette per day 12 months ago (ref: 1–4) | 5–14 | 1.50 *** | 1.293–1.731 | 1.53 *** | 1.218–1.932 | 1.54 ** | 1.093–2.174 |
15–24 | 1.69 *** | 1.442–1.983 | 1.95 *** | 1.526–2.501 | 1.93 *** | 1.337–2.796 | |
25 + | 2.25 *** | 1.858–2.730 | 2.67 *** | 2.004–3.562 | 2.56 *** | 1.668–3.912 | |
First cigarette upon awakening § (ref: >30 min) | ≤5 min | 1.24 *** | 1.114–1.386 | 1.07 | 0.914–1.247 | 1.09 | 0.866–1.374 |
5–30 min | 1.17 *** | 1.069–1.271 | 0.97 | 0.854–1.104 | 0.86 | 0.704–1.043 | |
Smokeless tobacco use † (ref: No) | Yes | 4.56 *** | 3.454–6.028 | 5.73 *** | 2.137–15.375 | 1.87 | 0.096–36.491 |
SLT use * Male | 0.80 | 0.593–1.085 | 0.25 *** | 0.088–0.715 | 0.28 | 0.013–5.931 | |
State level cigarette tax ranking ‡ (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.02 | 0.898–1.168 | 0.95 | 0.787–1.155 | 1.25 | 0.934–1.682 |
Med-high quarter | 1.10 | 0.959–1.267 | 0.92 | 0.748–1.127 | 1.06 | 0.774–1.456 | |
Highest quarter | 1.00 | 0.844–1.189 | 0.83 | 0.635–1.090 | 1.06 | 0.697–1.616 | |
Tobacco control spending per capita ‡ (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 0.91 | 0.818–1.018 | 0.87 * | 0.737–1.020 | 1.03 | 0.813–1.313 |
Med-high quarter | 0.90 * | 0.798–1.008 | 0.90 | 0.760–1.063 | 1.01 | 0.788–1.305 | |
Highest quarter | 0.82 *** | 0.725–0.938 | 0.68 *** | 0.567–0.827 | 0.73 ** | 0.548–0.975 | |
State level worksite smoking ban (ref: Not highest level) | Highest level | 1.03 | 0.923–1.152 | 1.02 | 0.864–1.208 | 0.92 | 0.713–1.179 |
State level worksite e-cigarette ban (ref: Not highest level) | Highest level | 0.83 * | 0.657–1.037 | 1.08 | 0.777–1.513 | 1.06 | 0.610–1.843 |
State level e-cigarette tax (ref: No) | Yes | 1.16 | 0.864–1.549 | 0.82 | 0.522–1.300 | 1.07 | 0.572–2.008 |
Survey time (ref: July 2014) | Jan 2015 | 1.00 | 0.920–1.090 | 0.96 | 0.850–1.086 | 0.92 | 0.766–1.102 |
May 2015 | 0.93 | 0.850–1.014 | 0.78 *** | 0.683–0.891 | 0.80 ** | 0.659–0.973 | |
Census division (ref: Pacific) | East North Central | 0.83 ** | 0.700–0.988 | 0.91 | 0.699–1.171 | 0.82 | 0.555–1.216 |
East South Central | 0.81 ** | 0.677–0.960 | 0.90 | 0.696–1.164 | 0.98 | 0.677–1.424 | |
Middle Atlantic | 0.86 | 0.714–1.040 | 0.96 | 0.714–1.276 | 0.94 | 0.606–1.455 | |
Mountain | 1.02 | 0.849–1.215 | 1.29 * | 0.995–1.680 | 1.25 | 0.844–1.863 | |
New England | 0.78 ** | 0.635–0.961 | 0.94 | 0.692–1.280 | 0.87 | 0.540–1.392 | |
South Atlantic | 0.86 * | 0.730–1.003 | 0.92 | 0.723–1.166 | 1.05 | 0.735–1.492 | |
West North Central | 0.84 * | 0.700–1.015 | 0.98 | 0.749–1.285 | 0.98 | 0.652–1.476 | |
West South Central | 0.74 *** | 0.625–0.878 | 0.94 | 0.731–1.210 | 1.07 | 0.733–1.556 |
Variable | Category | Ever Use of an E-cigarette | Current Use (≥1 of Past 30 Days) | Regular Use (≥20 of Past 30 Days) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR Δ | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Intercept | 0.17 *** | 0.073–0.376 | 0.06 *** | 0.017–0.185 | 0.04 *** | 0.009–0.163 | |
Sex (ref: Female) | Male | 0.44 *** | 0.236–0.810 | 0.44 | 0.165–1.199 | 0.21 ** | 0.060–0.753 |
Age (ref: 35–44) | 18–24 | 1.22 | 0.668–2.237 | 0.15 *** | 0.035–0.626 | 0.03 *** | 0.003–0.201 |
25–34 | 1.11 | 0.827–1.492 | 0.63 ** | 0.395–0.992 | 0.63 * | 0.371–1.078 | |
45–64 | 1.01 | 0.754–1.347 | 0.86 | 0.573–1.290 | 1.13 | 0.715–1.772 | |
65+ | 0.58 ** | 0.370–0.900 | 0.60 | 0.316–1.120 | 0.67 | 0.326–1.365 | |
Age 18–24 * Male | 1.31 | 0.602–2.844 | 7.17 ** | 1.393–36.915 | 24.68 *** | 2.398–254.059 | |
Race (ref: White) | Asian | 0.95 | 0.501–1.815 | 1.44 | 0.567–3.662 | 1.08 | 0.317–3.647 |
Black | 0.61 ** | 0.388–0.968 | 0.32 ** | 0.130–0.759 | 0.38 * | 0.142–1.017 | |
Other races | 1.22 | 0.740–2.024 | 1.38 | 0.665–2.879 | 1.82 | 0.850–3.895 | |
Hispanic (ref: Non-Hispanic) | Hispanic | 0.66 * | 0.433–1.001 | 0.30 *** | 0.130–0.714 | 0.25 *** | 0.090–0.693 |
Education (ref: Less than 12 years) | High school degree | 1.50 * | 0.972–2.324 | 1.22 | 0.652–2.277 | 1.52 | 0.731–3.145 |
Associate degree | 1.67 ** | 1.084–2.577 | 1.58 | 0.834–2.974 | 1.50 | 0.719–3.139 | |
College degree or higher | 1.49 * | 0.938–2.362 | 0.73 | 0.364–1.460 | 0.82 | 0.369–1.837 | |
Family income (ref: $0–$19,999) | $20,000–$39,999 | 0.98 | 0.627–1.534 | 0.95 | 0.474–1.905 | 0.87 | 0.395–1.910 |
$40,000–$74,999 | 1.27 | 0.805–1.986 | 1.05 | 0.530–2.062 | 0.93 | 0.430–2.002 | |
$75,000 or more | 0.78 | 0.485–1.256 | 1.02 | 0.494–2.087 | 0.90 | 0.394–2.039 | |
Income $20,000–$39,999 * Male | 2.61 *** | 1.281–5.325 | 2.78 * | 0.866–8.950 | 6.54 *** | 1.603–26.705 | |
Income $40,000–$74,999 * Male | 1.43 | 0.707–2.879 | 1.67 | 0.539–5.201 | 4.08 ** | 1.013–16.406 | |
Income $75,000+ * Male | 2.19 ** | 1.078–4.464 | 2.33 | 0.758–7.138 | 4.72 ** | 1.155–19.247 | |
Marital status (ref: Married-Spouse Present) | Never Married | 1.04 | 0.796–1.354 | 0.68 * | 0.436–1.068 | 0.64 | 0.372–1.110 |
Married-Spouse Absent or Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.14 | 0.880–1.487 | 0.92 | 0.628–1.343 | 0.78 | 0.514–1.193 | |
Employment status (ref: Employed) | Not in labor force or unemployed | 0.98 | 0.708–1.364 | 1.17 | 0.718–1.913 | 1.21 | 0.667–2.193 |
Metropolitan status (ref: Non-MSA) | MSA | 1.34 ** | 1.026–1.758 | 1.77 *** | 1.168–2.671 | 1.64 ** | 1.043–2.591 |
Indoor workers (ref: No) | Yes | 1.40 ** | 1.058–1.848 | 1.11 | 0.713–1.732 | 1.40 | 0.826–2.362 |
Smokeless tobacco use § (ref: No) | Yes | 2.77 *** | 2.096–3.654 | 0.52 | 0.189–1.410 | 0.41 | 0.109–1.542 |
State level cigarette tax ranking † (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.04 | 0.697–1.563 | 0.97 | 0.545–1.725 | 0.88 | 0.460–1.689 |
Med-high quarter | 1.31 | 0.879–1.962 | 1.47 | 0.822–2.616 | 1.42 | 0.729–2.763 | |
Highest quarter | 1.89 ** | 1.137–3.141 | 1.60 | 0.702–3.643 | 1.69 | 0.653–4.392 | |
Tobacco control spending per capita † (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.17 | 0.854–1.609 | 1.27 | 0.780–2.056 | 1.13 | 0.673–1.903 |
Med-high quarter | 1.09 | 0.774–1.526 | 0.95 | 0.580–1.569 | 0.70 | 0.405–1.193 | |
Highest quarter | 1.09 | 0.746–1.588 | 1.28 | 0.707–2.299 | 1.02 | 0.552–1.897 | |
State level worksite smoking ban (ref: Not highest level) | Highest level | 0.73 * | 0.529–1.013 | 0.66 * | 0.408–1.076 | 0.77 | 0.442–1.348 |
State level worksite e–cigarette ban (ref: Not highest level) | Highest level | 1.10 | 0.639–1.891 | 1.34 | 0.662–2.705 | 1.47 | 0.685–3.133 |
State level e-cigarette tax (ref: No) | Yes | 0.93 | 0.417–2.071 | 2.03 | 0.635–6.468 | 1.12 | 0.301–4.156 |
Survey time (ref: July 2014) | Jan 2015 | 1.19 | 0.928–1.521 | 1.22 | 0.832–1.773 | 1.33 | 0.862–2.059 |
May 2015 | 1.37 ** | 1.067–1.755 | 1.30 | 0.892–1.899 | 1.56 ** | 1.023–2.367 | |
Census division (ref: Pacific) | East North Central | 0.71 | 0.435–1.168 | 0.94 | 0.420–2.082 | 0.65 | 0.270–1.563 |
East South Central | 0.92 | 0.538–1.561 | 1.88 | 0.858–4.096 | 2.29 * | 0.942–5.580 | |
Middle Atlantic | 0.49 *** | 0.288–0.823 | 0.99 | 0.441–2.201 | 0.81 | 0.322–2.021 | |
Mountain | 1.72 * | 0.988–2.993 | 1.72 | 0.758–3.918 | 1.33 | 0.499–3.536 | |
New England | 0.36 *** | 0.202–0.632 | 0.76 | 0.315–1.855 | 0.74 | 0.269–2.008 | |
South Atlantic | 0.94 | 0.608–1.450 | 1.46 | 0.712–2.979 | 1.41 | 0.600–3.299 | |
West North Central | 0.88 | 0.527–1.472 | 1.40 | 0.612–3.196 | 1.42 | 0.561–3.613 | |
West South Central | 1.07 | 0.675–1.693 | 1.39 | 0.684–2.829 | 1.32 | 0.584–2.976 | |
Mountain * Male | 0.72 | 0.379–1.371 | 1.57 | 0.657–3.739 | 2.88 ** | 1.104–7.496 |
Variable | Category | Ever Use of an E-Cigarette | Current Use (≥1 of Past 30 Days) | Regular Use (≥20 of Past 30 Days) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ORΔ | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Intercept | 0.02 *** | 0.010–0.042 | 0.00 *** | 0.001–0.013 | 0.00 *** | 0.001–0.022 | |
Sex (ref: Female) | Male | 0.57 | 0.284–1.153 | 1.49 | 0.374–5.907 | 0.32 | 0.062–1.687 |
Age (ref: 35–44) | 18–24 | 3.69 *** | 2.095–6.490 | 1.11 | 0.260–4.730 | 0.83 | 0.119–5.741 |
25–34 | 2.29 *** | 1.796–2.914 | 1.48 | 0.877–2.483 | 1.54 | 0.773–3.084 | |
45–64 | 0.47 *** | 0.377–0.594 | 0.49 *** | 0.291–0.817 | 0.45 ** | 0.230–0.863 | |
65+ | 0.13 *** | 0.090–0.178 | 0.14 *** | 0.066–0.290 | 0.15 *** | 0.062–0.382 | |
Race (ref: White) | Asian | 0.96 | 0.507–1.804 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.000 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.000 |
Black | 0.66 * | 0.416–1.050 | 0.48 | 0.144–1.625 | 0.50 | 0.117–2.132 | |
Other races | 1.09 | 0.630–1.885 | 1.63 | 0.629–4.215 | 0.28 | 0.040–1.934 | |
Hispanic (ref: Non-Hispanic) | Hispanic | 1.02 | 0.731–1.422 | 0.79 | 0.364–1.707 | 0.95 | 0.402–2.233 |
Education (ref: Less than 12 years) | High school degree | 1.17 | 0.634–2.145 | 1.46 | 0.397–5.370 | 1.25 | 0.315–4.982 |
Associate degree | 1.48 | 0.818–2.676 | 1.06 | 0.300–3.742 | 0.79 | 0.207–2.978 | |
College degree or higher | 1.03 | 0.554–1.915 | 0.63 | 0.165–2.411 | 0.36 | 0.077–1.639 | |
Family income (ref: $0–$19,999) | $20,000–$39,999 | 0.81 | 0.591–1.098 | 1.44 | 0.731–2.832 | 1.34 | 0.577–3.131 |
$40,000–$74,999 | 0.75 * | 0.546–1.017 | 1.06 | 0.523–2.145 | 0.96 | 0.395–2.324 | |
$75,000 or more | 0.94 | 0.673–1.303 | 0.94 | 0.411–2.142 | 0.71 | 0.271–1.858 | |
Marital status (ref: Married-Spouse Present) | Never Married | 1.73 *** | 1.367–2.179 | 1.39 | 0.830–2.334 | 1.32 | 0.698–2.485 |
Married-Spouse Absent or Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.59 *** | 1.277–1.988 | 1.71 ** | 1.037–2.817 | 1.17 | 0.651–2.105 | |
Employment status (ref: Employed) | Not in labor force or unemployed | 1.14 | 0.873–1.480 | 1.02 | 0.565–1.834 | 1.27 | 0.578–2.802 |
Metropolitan status (ref: Non-MSA) | MSA | 1.43 *** | 1.130–1.800 | 1.30 | 0.831–2.032 | 0.92 | 0.524–1.627 |
Indoor workers (ref: No) | Yes | 1.05 | 0.842–1.318 | 1.14 | 0.680–1.913 | 1.39 | 0.699–2.746 |
Smokeless tobacco use § (ref: No) | Yes | 3.52 *** | 2.838–4.374 | 1.35 | 0.563–3.246 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.000 |
State level cigarette tax ranking † (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.21 | 0.852–1.722 | 0.93 | 0.442–1.935 | 0.91 | 0.370–2.242 |
Med-high quarter | 1.27 | 0.892–1.800 | 1.03 | 0.497–2.145 | 1.02 | 0.428–2.428 | |
Highest quarter | 1.50 * | 0.984–2.295 | 1.60 | 0.621–4.126 | 1.31 | 0.444–3.890 | |
Tobacco control spending per capita † (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.22 | 0.928–1.594 | 1.54 | 0.852–2.775 | 1.47 | 0.703–3.054 |
Med-high quarter | 1.16 | 0.883–1.516 | 1.44 | 0.793–2.615 | 1.16 | 0.525–2.562 | |
Highest quarter | 1.04 | 0.750–1.432 | 1.20 | 0.569–2.515 | 1.03 | 0.364–2.931 | |
State level worksite smoking ban | Highest level | 0.83 | 0.626–1.092 | 1.01 | 0.570–1.790 | 1.07 | 0.535–2.145 |
State level worksite e-cigarette ban | Highest level | 1.42 | 0.928–2.164 | 0.52 | 0.151–1.821 | 0.45 | 0.055–3.634 |
State level e-cigarette tax (ref: No) | Yes | 0.51 * | 0.240–1.068 | 1.14 | 0.291–4.495 | 3.11 | 0.509–18.966 |
Survey time (ref: July 2014) | Jan 2015 | 1.10 | 0.892–1.346 | 1.40 | 0.871–2.239 | 1.48 | 0.798–2.747 |
May 2015 | 1.14 | 0.923–1.398 | 1.57 * | 0.983–2.515 | 1.79 * | 0.969–3.298 | |
Census division (ref: Pacific) | East North Central | 1.20 | 0.819–1.768 | 0.81 | 0.338–1.932 | 0.80 | 0.243–2.653 |
East South Central | 1.28 | 0.820–1.998 | 2.45 ** | 1.031–5.806 | 2.22 | 0.705–6.967 | |
Middle Atlantic | 0.83 | 0.553–1.256 | 0.28 ** | 0.083–0.952 | 0.10 ** | 0.010–0.916 | |
Mountain | 1.61 ** | 1.104–2.344 | 2.09 * | 0.913–4.797 | 2.11 | 0.672–6.599 | |
New England | 0.65 * | 0.408–1.033 | 0.49 | 0.165–1.430 | 0.36 | 0.074–1.785 | |
South Atlantic | 1.05 | 0.724–1.529 | 1.29 | 0.600–2.762 | 1.26 | 0.458–3.458 | |
West North Central | 1.36 | 0.888–2.075 | 1.09 | 0.428–2.788 | 0.54 | 0.133–2.215 | |
West South Central | 1.24 | 0.835–1.827 | 2.21 * | 0.938–5.188 | 2.98 * | 0.960–9.259 |
Variable | Category | Ever use of an E-Cigarette | Current Use (≥1 of Past 30 Days) | Regular Use (≥20 of Past 30 Days) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR Δ | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Intercept | 0.01 *** | 0.004–0.012 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.004 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.001 | |
Sex (ref: Female) | Male | 0.99 | 0.806–1.214 | 1.49 * | 0.971–2.297 | 1.35 | 0.653–2.774 |
Age (ref: 35–44) | 18–24 | 2.84 *** | 2.246–3.594 | 2.44 *** | 1.393–4.284 | 1.50 | 0.611–3.659 |
25–34 | 1.67 *** | 1.336–2.079 | 1.58 * | 0.937–2.649 | 1.32 | 0.605–2.893 | |
45–64 | 0.44 *** | 0.359–0.536 | 0.43 *** | 0.275–0.679 | 0.22 *** | 0.103–0.477 | |
65+ | 0.17 *** | 0.116–0.239 | 0.23 *** | 0.106–0.478 | 0.17 *** | 0.056–0.540 | |
Age 18–34 * Male | 1.55 *** | 1.212–1.989 | 1.46 | 0.852–2.503 | 1.75 | 0.693–4.414 | |
Race (ref: White) | Asian | 0.53 *** | 0.375–0.753 | 0.31 ** | 0.119–0.820 | 0.00 *** | 0.000–0.000 |
Black | 0.43 *** | 0.338–0.553 | 0.31 *** | 0.180–0.524 | 0.25 *** | 0.099–0.614 | |
Other races | 1.47 *** | 1.106–1.949 | 1.19 | 0.574–2.484 | 0.09 *** | 0.023–0.364 | |
Hispanic (ref: Non-Hispanic) | Hispanic | 0.66 *** | 0.543–0.813 | 0.53 *** | 0.333–0.832 | 0.36 ** | 0.152–0.826 |
Education (ref: Less than 12 years) | High school degree | 1.29 | 0.951–1.743 | 1.99 ** | 1.111–3.562 | 2.42 * | 0.917–6.364 |
Associate degree | 1.69 *** | 1.251–2.273 | 1.88 ** | 1.067–3.321 | 1.77 | 0.655–4.777 | |
College degree or higher | 1.06 | 0.773–1.449 | 0.83 | 0.435–1.590 | 0.74 | 0.236–2.334 | |
Family income (ref: $0–$19,999) | $20,000–$39,999 | 0.92 | 0.755–1.126 | 0.76 | 0.491–1.177 | 1.15 | 0.545–2.425 |
$40,000–$74,999 | 0.81 ** | 0.662–0.989 | 0.65 ** | 0.421–0.986 | 0.99 | 0.479–2.029 | |
$75,000 or more | 0.88 | 0.714–1.088 | 0.95 | 0.609–1.484 | 1.52 | 0.722–3.198 | |
Marital status (ref: Married-Spouse Present) | Never Married | 2.06 *** | 1.754–2.411 | 1.80 *** | 1.231–2.630 | 2.04 ** | 1.091–3.801 |
Married-Spouse Absent or Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.48 *** | 1.205–1.812 | 1.84 *** | 1.212–2.782 | 2.72 *** | 1.420–5.192 | |
Employment status (ref: Employed) | Not in labor force or unemployed | 0.92 | 0.745–1.125 | 0.74 | 0.473–1.167 | 0.66 | 0.314–1.402 |
Metropolitan status (ref: Non-MSA) | MSA | 1.23 ** | 1.027–1.476 | 1.03 | 0.700–1.522 | 1.81 | 0.891–3.685 |
Indoor workers (ref: No) | Yes | 1.09 | 0.922–1.298 | 0.95 | 0.661–1.364 | 0.71 | 0.393–1.284 |
Current smoking status (ref: Never smokers one year ago) | Current Smokers | 30.66 *** | 25.002–37.601 | 33.62 *** | 24.620–45.899 | 37.77 *** | 22.361–63.809 |
Smokeless tobacco use § (ref: No) | Yes | 6.99 *** | 5.833–8.375 | 1.53 | 0.745–3.157 | 0.60 | 0.065–5.515 |
State level cigarette tax ranking † (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.11 | 0.881–1.407 | 1.23 | 0.753–2.016 | 1.38 | 0.655–2.924 |
Med-high quarter | 1.13 | 0.888–1.427 | 1.34 | 0.808–2.209 | 1.17 | 0.521–2.626 | |
Highest quarter | 1.68 *** | 1.257–2.233 | 1.17 | 0.625–2.171 | 1.20 | 0.495–2.930 | |
Tobacco control spending per capita † (ref: Lowest quarter) | Med-low quarter | 1.23 ** | 1.010–1.504 | 1.57 ** | 1.021–2.421 | 2.52 *** | 1.275–4.990 |
Med-high quarter | 1.00 | 0.822–1.223 | 1.00 | 0.651–1.530 | 1.64 | 0.766–3.524 | |
Highest quarter | 0.85 | 0.680–1.067 | 0.89 | 0.550–1.444 | 1.31 | 0.514–3.350 | |
State level worksite smoking ban (ref: Not highest level) | Highest level | 0.80 ** | 0.664–0.972 | 0.88 | 0.591–1.295 | 0.84 | 0.460–1.542 |
State level worksite e-cigarette ban (ref: Not highest level) | Highest level | 0.64 ** | 0.444–0.915 | 1.24 | 0.578–2.658 | 1.75 | 0.488–6.299 |
State level e-cigarette tax (ref: No) | Yes | 0.53 ** | 0.296–0.958 | 0.82 | 0.233–2.895 | 1.72 | 0.280–10.549 |
Survey time (ref: July 2014) | Jan 2015 | 1.09 | 0.938–1.267 | 0.91 | 0.643–1.281 | 0.60 * | 0.332–1.095 |
May 2015 | 1.03 | 0.881–1.199 | 0.87 | 0.623–1.207 | 1.07 | 0.625–1.845 | |
Census division (ref: Pacific) | East North Central | 0.73 ** | 0.549–0.981 | 0.80 | 0.407–1.556 | 1.01 | 0.340–3.011 |
East South Central | 0.59 *** | 0.426–0.804 | 0.79 | 0.390–1.601 | 1.43 | 0.509–4.036 | |
Middle Atlantic | 0.70 ** | 0.512–0.958 | 0.57 | 0.273–1.200 | 0.34 | 0.093–1.258 | |
Mountain | 1.28 * | 0.970–1.679 | 1.09 | 0.574–2.070 | 1.64 | 0.543–4.938 | |
New England | 0.48 *** | 0.330–0.697 | 0.58 | 0.251–1.340 | 0.99 | 0.223–4.361 | |
South Atlantic | 0.69 *** | 0.537–0.891 | 1.09 | 0.639–1.841 | 1.40 | 0.553–3.534 | |
West North Central | 0.83 | 0.616–1.123 | 0.82 | 0.422–1.605 | 1.05 | 0.310–3.531 | |
West South Central | 0.88 | 0.662–1.161 | 1.11 | 0.608–2.030 | 1.00 | 0.329–3.011 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Levy, D.T.; Yuan, Z.; Li, Y. The Prevalence and Characteristics of E-Cigarette Users in the U.S. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101200
Levy DT, Yuan Z, Li Y. The Prevalence and Characteristics of E-Cigarette Users in the U.S. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101200
Chicago/Turabian StyleLevy, David T., Zhe Yuan, and Yameng Li. 2017. "The Prevalence and Characteristics of E-Cigarette Users in the U.S." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101200
APA StyleLevy, D. T., Yuan, Z., & Li, Y. (2017). The Prevalence and Characteristics of E-Cigarette Users in the U.S. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101200