Developmental Assessments during Injury Research: Is Enrollment of Very Young Children in Crèches Associated with Better Scores?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background on the SoLiD Program
3. Methods
3.1. Design, Participants and Recruitment
3.2. Description of Variables
4. Results
Description of Sample
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASQ | Ages and Stages Questionnaire |
ECC | Early Childhood Care |
ECD | Early Childhood Development |
FCI | Family Care Indicators |
LMICs | Low and middle-income countries |
OECD | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
SoLiD | Saving of Lives from Drowning |
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Domain | 9 Months | 18 Months |
---|---|---|
Communication | If you call your baby when you are out of sight, does she look in the direction of your voice? | When you ask your child to point to her nose, eyes, hair, feet, ears, and so forth, does she correctly point to at least seven body parts? |
Gross motor | Does your baby roll from her back to her tummy, getting both arms out from under her? | Does your child jump with both feet leaving the floor at the same time? |
Fine motor | Does your baby reach for small things (the size of a peanut/pea/puffed rice) and touch it with her finger or hand? | Does your child use a turning motion with her hand while trying to turn doorknobs, windup toys, twist tops, or screw lids on and off jars? |
Problem solving | If a toy falls from her hand while on her back, if she could see the toy, does she try to reach for it? | After she watches you draw a line from the top of the paper to the bottom with a crayon (or pencil or pen), does your child copy you by drawing a single line on the paper in any direction? (Scribbling back and forth does not count as “yes.”) (Test) |
Personal-social | When in front of a large mirror, does your baby reach out to pat the mirror? (Test) | When playing with either a stuffed animal or a doll, does she pretend to rock it, feed it, change its clothes, put it to bed, and so forth? |
Variables | Playpen (n = 508) | Crèche (n = 510) | Difference across Interventions? 1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |||
Raw Scores | Communication | 78.76 | 18.82 | 0 | 120 | 76.38 | 19.74 | 5 | 120 | ** |
Gross motor | 88.04 | 22.67 | 10 | 120 | 84.59 | 23.37 | 0 | 120 | ** | |
Fine motor | 74.36 | 18.95 | 10 | 120 | 71.35 | 19.7 | 0 | 120 | ** | |
Personal/social | 72.39 | 23.5 | 0 | 120 | 67.26 | 23.95 | 0 | 120 | *** | |
Problem solving | 78.72 | 20.31 | 10 | 120 | 73.81 | 20.32 | 10 | 120 | *** | |
Total score | 392.27 | 74.13 | 50 | 560 | 373.4 | 78.79 | 30 | 555 | *** | |
Z Scores | Communication | 0.07 | 0.99 | −4.19 | 2.61 | −0.08 | 1 | −3.38 | 2.09 | ** |
Gross motor | 0.07 | 0.96 | −3.62 | 1.65 | −0.08 | 1.04 | −4.64 | 1.65 | ** | |
Fine motor | 0.07 | 0.98 | −4.06 | 2.46 | −0.06 | 1 | −3.74 | 2.33 | ** | |
Personal/social | 0.09 | 1.01 | −2.98 | 2.43 | −0.1 | 1 | −2.98 | 2.43 | *** | |
Problem solving | 0.1 | 1 | −3.26 | 2.4 | −0.11 | 1 | −3.37 | 2.14 | *** | |
Total score | 0.11 | 0.98 | −4.72 | 2.35 | −0.1 | 1.01 | −4.37 | 2.43 | *** | |
Controls | Male | 55.12 | 49.8 | |||||||
Age | 14.31 | 2.15 | 9 | 18 | 14.07 | 2.04 | 9 | 18 | ||
FCI | 2.25 | 1.16 | 0 | 7 | 1.96 | 1.13 | 0 | 7 | *** | |
Asset index | 0.05 | 0.97 | −2.72 | 3.7 | −0.05 | 1.03 | −3.56 | 2.88 | ||
Head circumference | 44.57 | 1.43 | 40.1 | 48.3 | 44.35 | 1.4 | 40 | 48.4 | ** | |
Mother’s weight | 72.73 | 26.12 | 19 | 99.9 | 79.21 | 25.5 | 24.2 | 99.9 | *** | |
Child's weight | 8.85 | 1.29 | 5 | 15 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 5.2 | 18.5 | ||
Exposure (days) | 115.37 | 58.92 | −131 | 243 | 52.49 | 46.9 | −210 | 188 | *** | |
Disability | 8.76 | 0.5 | 6 | 9 | 8.77 | 0.54 | 5 | 9 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASQ Domain: | Communication | Gross Motor | Fine Motor | Personal/Social | Problem Solving | Total Score |
Crèche | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.45 ** | 0.14 | −0.06 | 0.24 * |
(0.22) | (0.22) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.13) | |
Boy | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.08 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.06 |
(0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
Age | −0.05 *** | −0.08 *** | −0.06 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.09 *** |
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
Family care indicator | 0.27 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.40 *** |
(0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
Household asset Index | −0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.07 ** | 0.04 | 0.04 |
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
Child head circumference | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 ** | 0.08 ** | 0.07 ** | 0.07 ** |
(0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
Mother’s weight | −0.00 | 0.01 ** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
Child’s weight | 0.11 *** | 0.09 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.08 *** |
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
Exposure (Days) | 0.00 | 0.00 ** | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
Disability | 0.14 | 0.33 *** | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.20 ** |
(0.09) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | |
Constant | −2.98 ** | −6.84 *** | −4.50 *** | −4.80 *** | −4.38 *** | −6.48 *** |
(1.26) | (1.55) | (1.22) | (1.41) | (1.12) | (1.30) | |
Observations | 1018 | 1018 | 1018 | 1018 | 1018 | 1018 |
Number of villages | 151 | 151 | 151 | 151 | 151 | 151 |
DF | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 |
Adjusted R-square | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.26 |
Rho | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.24 |
Panel A | Length of Exposure: | Minimum Exposure (About One Month) | |||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
ASQ Domain: | Communication | Gross Motor | Fine Motor | Personal/Social | Problem Solving | Total Score | |
Crèche | −0.19 | −0.40 | 1.79 | −1.37 | −1.57 ** | −0.59 | |
(0.98) | (1.40) | (1.20) | (0.87) | (0.74) | (1.25) | ||
Constant | −4.34 | −9.46 *** | −8.74 *** | −4.36 * | −5.68 ** | −8.74 *** | |
(2.71) | (2.31) | (2.85) | (2.57) | (2.81) | (2.66) | ||
Observations | 340 | 340 | 340 | 340 | 340 | 340 | |
Adjusted R-square | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.28 | |
Rho | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.44 | |
Panel B | Length of exposure: | Medium Exposure (About 2.5 months) | |||||
Crèche | −0.90*** | 0.24 | 1.11 | 0.54 | 1.04 *** | 0.60 | |
(0.23) | (0.24) | (0.88) | (1.37) | (0.23) | (0.62) | ||
Constant | −2.94 | −4.75 * | −3.61 * | −5.30 ** | −7.75 *** | −6.82 *** | |
(1.94) | (2.68) | (2.06) | (2.47) | (1.75) | (2.19) | ||
Observations | 341 | 341 | 341 | 341 | 341 | 341 | |
Adjusted R-square | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.30 | |
Rho | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.28 | |
Panel C | Length of exposure: | Maximum Exposure (About 5 months) | |||||
Crèche | −0.41 | 0.40 ** | 1.47 *** | 0.95 *** | −0.07 | 0.63 ** | |
(0.34) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.34) | (0.17) | (0.24) | ||
Constant | −2.01 | −6.44 ** | −4.12 * | −6.74 *** | −0.85 | −5.50 *** | |
(2.14) | (2.71) | (2.17) | (2.39) | (2.11) | (1.85) | ||
Observations | 337 | 337 | 337 | 337 | 337 | 337 | |
Adjusted R-square | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.25 | |
Rho | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.35 | |
Crèche means significantly different across Minimum and Maximum exposure? | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
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Nair, D.; Alonge, O.; Derakhshani Hamadani, J.; Sharmin Salam, S.; Islam, I.; Hyder, A.A. Developmental Assessments during Injury Research: Is Enrollment of Very Young Children in Crèches Associated with Better Scores? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101130
Nair D, Alonge O, Derakhshani Hamadani J, Sharmin Salam S, Islam I, Hyder AA. Developmental Assessments during Injury Research: Is Enrollment of Very Young Children in Crèches Associated with Better Scores? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101130
Chicago/Turabian StyleNair, Divya, Olakunle Alonge, Jena Derakhshani Hamadani, Shumona Sharmin Salam, Irteja Islam, and Adnan A. Hyder. 2017. "Developmental Assessments during Injury Research: Is Enrollment of Very Young Children in Crèches Associated with Better Scores?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101130