Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Hedonic Pricing Method (HPM)
3. Study Area and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Sampling and Data Collection
3.3. Ethical Requirements
3.4. Data Management and Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Estimating Cost of Sanitation through the HPM
5.2. Economics of Sanitation in the Complex Dynamics of Informal Settlements
6. Implications for Policy and Areas for Further Research
Limitations
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean (Range)/Freq (%) | |
---|---|---|
1. Household | Age | 30.36 (18–65) |
HH size | 3.88 (1–9) | |
Gender | ||
Male | 33 (18.3) | |
Female | 147 (81.7) | |
Education | ||
None | 61 (33.9) | |
Primary education | 97 (53.9) | |
Secondary education and above | 22 (12.2) | |
Marital status | ||
Single/unmarried/single parent | 24 (13.3) | |
Married | 128 (71.1) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 28 (15.6) | |
Occupation | ||
None/housewife | 65 (36.1) | |
Casual worker | 33 (18.3) | |
Self-employed/business | 76 (42.2) | |
Formal employment | 6 (3.3) | |
Monthly household income * | 10,588.76 (0–90,000) | |
2. Housing unit | Electricity | |
Connected | 78 (43.2) | |
Not connected | 102 (56.7) | |
Wall | ||
Mud | 62 (34.4) | |
Iron sheet | 16 (8.9) | |
Plastering/Rough cast | 102 (56.7) | |
Floor | ||
Mud | 52 (28.9) | |
Cemented/concrete | 128 (71.1) | |
No. of rooms | ||
1 | 139 (77.2) | |
2 | 34 (8.9) | |
3 | 7 (3.9) | |
Rent * | 1211.7 (300–3500) | |
Area | ||
Bandani | 40 (22.2) | |
Nyalenda A | 47 (26.1) | |
Nyalenda B | 50 (27.8) | |
Obunga | 43 (23.9) | |
3. Compound | Number of HH | 7 (1–25) |
Main water source | ||
Compound connection | 14 (7.8) | |
Nearby water point | 148 (82.2) | |
Neighbour’s compound | 14 (7.8) | |
Others | 4 (2.2) | |
Time to walk to water source (in minutes) | ||
Compound connection | 14 (7.8) | |
Less than 5 min | 111 (61.7) | |
5 min and above | 55 (30.6) | |
Cost of water at main source (20 litre jerry can) * | 3.2 (1–5) | |
Residence type | ||
Live-in landlord | 45 (25) | |
Tenants with caretaker | 40 (22.2) | |
Tenants only | 95 (52.8) | |
Sanitation | ||
Available | 91 (50.6) | |
Not available | 89 (49.4) | |
4. Neighbourhood | Time to main road (minutes) | 14.5 (1–60) |
Transport to work place (n = 115) | ||
Walking | 92 (80) | |
Bicycle/motorbike | 12 (10.4) | |
Three-wheeler cars/minibus | 11 (9.6) | |
Time to workplace (minutes) | 15.8 (1–120) | |
Transport to city centre | ||
Walking | 50 (27.8) | |
Bicycle/motorbike | 53 (29.4) | |
Three-wheeler cars/minibus | 77 (42.8) | |
Time to city centre (minutes) | 28.1 (5–120) | |
Transport to health facility | ||
Walking | 110 (61.1) | |
Bicycle/motorbike | 35 (19.4) | |
Three-wheeler cars/minibus | 35 (19.4) | |
Time to health facility (minutes) | (0–60) |
Variables | Log-Log | Log-Linear | Linear | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-Eff | S.E. ** | p Value (CI) | Co-Eff | S.E. ** | p Value (CI) | Co-Eff | S.E. ** | p Value (CI) | |
Electricity | 0.234 | 0.066 | 0.001 (0.103–0.365) * | 0.209 | 0.066 | 0.002 (0.077–0.341) | 325.208 | 94.767 | 0.001 (137.94–512.47) |
Iron sheet wall | 0.130 | 0.105 | 0.217 (−0.077–0.339) | 0.176 | 0.104 | 0.094 (−0.031–0.384) | 143.591 | 115.357 | 0.215 (−84.35–71.538) |
Rough-cast wall | 0.182 | 0.075 | 0.018 (0.032–0.332) * | 0.233 | 0.076 | 0.003 (0.082–0.383) | 262.763 | 83.762 | 0.002 (97.24–28.278) |
Two-roomed house | 0.330 | 0.076 | 0.000 (0.179–0.481) * | 0.305 | 0.071 | 0.000 (0.164–0.448) | 389.89 | 91.909 | 0.000 (208.27–571.505) |
Three-roomed house | 0.503 | 0.130 | 0.000 (0.246–0.761) * | 0.503 | 0.126 | 0.000 (0.253–0.753) | 869.301 | 277.880 | 0.002 (320.21–1418.39) |
Cemented floor | 0.166 | 0.071 | 0.021 (0.025–0.307) * | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.14 (−0.035–0.251) | 102.624 | 82.720 | 0.217 (−60.831–266.08) |
Nyalenda A | 0.090 | 0.077 | 0.242 (−0.061–0.242) | 0.103 | 0.073 | 0.161 (−0.042–0.249) | 107.564 | 89.055 | 0.229 (−68.410–283.54) |
Nyalenda B | 0.235 | 0.080 | 0.004 (0.076–0.394) * | 0.233 | 0.073 | 0.002 (0.088–0.378) | 210.048 | 88.291 | 0.019 (35.583–384.51) |
Obunga | 0.156 | 0.087 | 0.074 (−0.015–0.328) | 0.155 | 0.084 | 0.068 (−0.012–0.323) | 98.996 | 103.03 | 0.338 (−104.6–302.5) |
Toilet | 0.434 | 0.170 | 0.012 (0.097–0.772) * | 0.342 | 0.129 | 0.009 (0.086–0.598) | 418.252 | 172.1 | 0.016 (78.18–758.32) |
Compound HH | 0.060 | 0.067 | 0.368 (−0.072–0.193) | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.44 (−0.017–0.039) | 13.761 | 16.88 | 0.416 (−19.59–47.11) |
Toilet#comp HH a | −0.155 | 0.086 | 0.076 (−0.326–0.016) | −0.025 | 0.015 | 0.112 (−0.057–0.005) | −39.190 | 19.761 | 0.049 (−78.24–−0.141) |
Nearby water point | −0.020 | 0.106 | 0.851 (−0.231–0.190) | −0.020 | 0.108 | 0.847 (−0.236–0.194) | −65.266 | 167.13 | 0.697 (−395.52–264.98) |
Neighbours water | 0.0423 | 0.134 | 0.753 (−0.223–0.307) | 0.015 | 0.132 | 0.908 (−0.247–0.278) | −9.8276 | 202.71 | 0.961 (−410.4–90.747) |
Others-borehole, springs) | 0.190 | 0.129 | 0.142 (−0.064–0.445) | 0.229 | 0.130 | 0.081(−0.028–0.488) | 183.851 | 187.605 | 0.329 (−186.86–554.56) |
Time to main road | −0.027 | 0.034 | 0.421 (−0.096–0.040) | −0.001 | 0.002 | 0.465 (−0.007–0.003) | −2.1150 | 3.4621 | 0.542 (−8.95–4.72) |
Primary educ | 0.078 | 0.055 | 0.163 (−0.032–0.188) | 0.068 | 0.052 | 0.193 (−0.035–0.172) | 45.081 | 62.134 | 0.469 (−77.69–167.86) |
Secondary educ | 0.237 | 0.093 | 0.012 (0.052–0.42) * | 0.211 | 0.093 | 0.025 (0.026–0.395) | 293.16 | 144.79 | 0.045 (7.04–579.28) |
Monthly income | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.466 (−0.041–0.090) | 4.48 | 2.62 | 0.089 (−6.86–9.66) | 0.00939 | 0.003 | 0.012 (0.002–0.016) |
N | 167 | 169 | 169 | ||||||
F statistic | 12.69 | 13.11 | 10.14 | ||||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
R2 | 0.551 | 0.548 | 0.546 |
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Simiyu, S.; Swilling, M.; Rheingans, R.; Cairncross, S. Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010049
Simiyu S, Swilling M, Rheingans R, Cairncross S. Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010049
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimiyu, Sheillah, Mark Swilling, Richard Rheingans, and Sandy Cairncross. 2017. "Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010049