The Seoul Metropolitan Lifestyle Intervention Program and Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Retrospective Database Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. SMESY Intervention
2.4. Outcome Measures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Changes in the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: Time Effects by Group
3.3. Changes in the Risk Scores of Metabolic Syndrome: Time Effects by Group
3.4. Changes in Behavioral Lifestyle Factors
3.5. Changes in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | n (%) or Mean (SD) | p * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Total | High-Risk Group (n = 7116) | Moderate-Risk Group (n = 14,762) | Low-Risk Group (n = 3571) | ||
Sociodemographic characteristics: | ||||||
Age, years | 25,449 | 50.0 (9.40) | 50.5 (9.17) b | 50.2 (9.32) c | 48.2 (9.97) | <0.001 |
Female, yes | 25,449 | 15,937 (62.6) | 3556 (50.0) | 9595 (65.0) | 2786 (78.0) | <0.001 |
Education, yes | 23,611 | |||||
Some college or greater | 19,747 (83.6) | 5345 (80.6) | 11,507 (84.0) | 2895 (88.0) | <0.001 | |
High school degree or lower | 3864 (16.4) | 1283 (19.4) | 2185 (16.0) | 396 (12.0) | ||
Monthly household income, yes | 24,319 | <0.001 | ||||
<2,000,000 won | 4886 (20.1) | 1485 (21.9) | 2827 (20.1) | 574 (16.6) | ||
>2,000,000 won | 19,433 (79.9) | 5288 (78.1) | 11,252 (79.9) | 2893 (83.4) | ||
Marital status, yes | 25,178 | 0.002 | ||||
Married | 22,097 (87.8) | 6264 (88.5) | 12,797 (87.8) | 3036 (86.1) | ||
Widow/Divorced/Separated/Single | 3081 (12.2) | 816 (11.5) | 1,776 (12.2) | 486 (13.9) | ||
Coverage of health security, yes | 25,137 | <0.001 | ||||
Health insurance | 24,401 (97.1) | 6823 (96.5) | 14,125 (97.1) | 3453 (98.0) | ||
Medical aid | 736 (2.9) | 247 (3.5) | 417 (2.9) | 72 (2.0) | ||
Health-related characteristics: | ||||||
Current smoking, yes | 25,180 | 2872 (11.4) | 1226 (17.3) | 1466 (10.1) | 180 (5.1) | <0.001 |
Physical activity, yes | 25,329 | 2299 (9.1) | 555 (7.8) | 1389 (9.5) | 335 (10.0) | <0.001 |
Alcohol drinking, yes | 14,802 | 4257 (28.8) | 1581 (36.9) | 2266 (26.9) | 410 (19.7) | <0.001 |
Healthy diet score | 25,246 | 6.8 (2.33) | 6.4 (2.36) a,b | 6.9 (2.30) c | 7.0 (2.32) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25,449 | 23.8 (3.15) | 25.9 (3.20) a,b | 23.4 (2.76) c | 21.7 (2.25) | <0.001 |
Time (Month) | High-Risk Group (n = 7116) | Moderate-Risk Group (n = 14,762) | Low-Risk Group (n = 3571) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | p * | Mean (SD) | p * | Mean (SD) | p * | |
WC, cm | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | |||
0M | 88.9 (7.78) | 81.2 (7.61) | 75.6 (6.29) | |||
3M | 87.6 (7.58) a | - | - | |||
6M | 87.2 (7.36) b | 80.8 (7.27) b | - | |||
9M | 87.2 (7.56) c | - | - | |||
12M | 86.9 (7.38) d | 80.9 (7.31) d | 76.2 (6.77) d | |||
SBP, mmHg | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 132.7 (15.52) | 122.3 (14.80) | 112.2 (9.90) | |||
3M | 125.9 (13.74) a | - | - | |||
6M | 126.2 (13.35) b | 120.1 (13.34) b | - | |||
9M | 127.2 (13.87) c | - | - | |||
12M | 126.9 (13.38) d | 120.7 (13.34) d | 113.5 (11.22) d | |||
DBP, mmHg | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 84.1 (11.12) | 77.2 (10.60) | 71.0 (7.37) | |||
3M | 79.7 (9.87) a | - | - | |||
6M | 80.0 (9.68) b | 75.9 (9.65) b | - | |||
9M | 80.3 (9.88) c | - | - | |||
12M | 80.2 (9.61) d | 76.1 (9.47) d | 71.8 (8.10) d | |||
HDL-C, mg/dL | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 41.2 (11.96) | 51.5 (14.48) | 62.8 (12.51) | |||
3M | 42.4 (11.39) a | - | - | |||
6M | 43.8 (11.83) b | 51.0 (13.87) b | - | |||
9M | 44.8 (12.10) c | - | - | |||
12M | 45.2 (12.12) d | 52.6 (14.07) d | 60.5 (14.52) d | |||
Triglycerides, mg/dL | <0.001 | 0.495 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 208.4 (116.04) | 122.9 (70.05) | 84.6 (26.38) | |||
3M | 174.4 (98.77) a | - | ||||
6M | 172.8 (95.06) b | 123.8 (68.13) | ||||
9M | 177.4 (102.43) c | - | ||||
12M | 172.4 (96.62) d | 122.6 (66.06) | 95.7 (46.34) d | |||
Glucose, mg/dL | <0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 106.1 (24.00) | 95.7 (14.75) | 88.9 (6.80) | |||
3M | 101.1 (17.77) a | - | - | |||
6M | 100.2 (16.75) b | 94.0 (11.54) b | - | |||
9M | 101.3 (18.84) c | - | - | |||
12M | 101.2 (16.51)d | 94.9 (11.72) d | 90.5 (9.15) d |
Time (Month) | High-Risk Group (n = 7116) | Moderate-Risk Group (n = 14,762) | Low-Risk Group (n = 3571) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | p * | Mean (SD) | p * | Mean (SD) | p * | |
Risk Score + | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 0.63 (2.33) | −1.79 (0.28) | −6.72 (2.40) | |||
3M | −0.40 (2.39) a | - | - | |||
6M | −0.34 (2.43) b | −2.37 (2.36) b | - | |||
9M | −0.14 (2.35) c | - | - | |||
12M | −0.19 (2.30) d | −2.15 (2.29) d | −4.58 (2.37) d |
Time (Month) | High-Risk Group (n = 7116) | Moderate-Risk Group (n = 14,762) | Low-Risk Group (n = 3571) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean (SD) | p * | n (%) or Mean (SD) | p * | n (%) or Mean (SD) | p * | |
Current smokers | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.506 | |||
0M | 1226/7072 (17.2) | 1466/14,577 (10.1) | 180/3531 (5.1) | |||
3M | 642/4680 (13.7) a | - | - | |||
6M | 591/4529 (13.0) b | 944/11,949 (7.9) b | - | |||
9M | 281/2437 (11.5) c | - | - | |||
12M | 380/3279 (11.6) d | 704/8816 (8.0) d | 171/3407 (5.0) | |||
Physical activity | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||
0M | 1232/7097 (17.4) | 2995/14,682 (20.4) | 752/3550 (21.2) | |||
3M | 972/4109 (23.7) a | - | - | |||
6M | 898/3972 (22.6) b | 2425/10,541 (23.0) b | - | |||
9M | 477/2140 (22.3) c | - | - | |||
12M | 633/2911 (21.7) d | 1837/7746 (23.7) d | 699/2967 (23.6) d | |||
Healthy diet score + | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
0M | 6.42 (2.36) | 6.85 (2.30) | 7.00 (2.32) | |||
3M | 7.29 (2.21) a | - | - | |||
6M | 7.49 (2.18) b | 7.53 (2.21) b | - | |||
9M | 7.37 (2.10) c | - | - | |||
12M | 7.58 (2.17) d | 7.57 (2.15) d | 7.41 (2.22) d | |||
Body weight, kg + | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 | |||
0M | 70.28 (12.26) | 61.64 (10.19) | 56.19 (7.96) | |||
3M | 68.82 (11.99) a | - | - | |||
6M | 68.44 (11.80) b | 61.00 (9.93) b | ||||
9M | 68.02 (11.77) c | - | - | |||
12M | 68.08 (11.51) d | 60.82 (9.86) d | 56.28 (8.09) d |
Time (Month) | Prevalence | β (SE) | OR | 95% CI | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | |||||
0M | 7116/25,449 | 28.0 | - | 1.00 | - | - |
12M | 2722/15,948 | 10.7 | –0.673 (0.035) | 0.51 | 0.476–0.547 | <0.001 |
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Choo, J.; Yoon, S.-J.; Ryu, H.; Park, M.-S.; Lee, H.S.; Park, Y.M.; Lim, D.-S. The Seoul Metropolitan Lifestyle Intervention Program and Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Retrospective Database Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070667
Choo J, Yoon S-J, Ryu H, Park M-S, Lee HS, Park YM, Lim D-S. The Seoul Metropolitan Lifestyle Intervention Program and Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Retrospective Database Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(7):667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070667
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoo, Jina, Seok-Jun Yoon, Hosihn Ryu, Mi-Suk Park, Hyang Sook Lee, Yoo Mi Park, and Do-Sun Lim. 2016. "The Seoul Metropolitan Lifestyle Intervention Program and Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Retrospective Database Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070667