Association between the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Genetic Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy—A Meta-Analysis Comprising 10,168 Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Identification and Eligibility of Relevant Studies
2.2. Data Extraction and Conversion
2.3. Quality Assessment and Study Stratification
2.4. Meta-Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Eligible Studies and Study Characteristics
3.3. Summary Statistics
3.4. Main Results, Stratification, and Sensitivity Analyses
3.5. Source of Heterogeneity and Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Reference) | Year | Country | Design | Case | Control | HWE # | MAF * | NOS (Stars *) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | Age (Year) | DM Duration (Year) | Definition | Sample Size | Age (Year) | DM Duration (Year) | Definition | |||||||
Marre et al. [14]. | 1994 | France | CC | 52 | 39.0 ± 14.0 | 20.0 ± 11.0 | PDR | 32 | 43.0 ± 18.0 | 22.0 ± 12.0 | IDDM | 0.38 | 0.64 | 6 |
Fujisawa et al. [15]. | 1995 | Japan | CC | 222 | NR | NR | DR | 45 | NR | NR | NIDDM | 0.84 | 0.36 | 5 |
Tarnow et al. [16]. | 1995 | Denmark | CC | 155 | 40.9 ± 9.6 | 26.7 ± 7.9 | PDR | 67 | 42.7 ± 10.2 | 25.8 ± 8.5 | IDDM | 0.05 | 0.57 | 6 |
Nagi et al. [17]. | 1995 | Britain | CC | 271 | 50.6 ± 14.3 for IDDM 66.8 ± 10.4 for NIDDM | 27 (12–66) for IDDM 11 (1–36) for NIDDM | DR | 376 | 38.3 ± 14.6 for IDDM 69.5 ± 11.1 for NIDDM NA for Healthy | 16 (1–56) for IDDM 7 (1–45) for NIDDM NA for Healthy | Healthy + IDDM + NIDDM | 0.71 | 0.52 | 7 |
Doi et al. [18]. | 1995 | Japan | CC | 362 | 61.8 (30–79) | >10 | DR | 105 | NA | NA | Healthy | 0.25 | 0.34 | 4 |
Yoshida et al. [19]. | 1996 | Japan | CS | 118 | NA | NA | DR | 50 | NA | NA | NIDDM | 0.59 | 0.31 | 4 |
Gutie’rrez et al. [20]. | 1997 | Spain | CC | 68 | 61.9 ± 9.1 | 14.8 ± 5.7 | DR | 92 | 59.6 ± 10.3 | 12.1 ± 6.3 | NIDDM | 0.97 | 0.61 | 6 |
Liu et al. [21]. | 1997 | China | CC | 30 | NA | NA | DR | 198 | NA for NDR 34. 8 ± 5. 9 for Healthy | NA | Healthy + NIDDM | 0.92 | 0.27 | 4 |
Hu et al. [22]. | 1998 | China | CC | 56 | 62.07 ± 1.21 | 11.68 ± 0.91 | DR | 81 | 56 .06 ± 1 .97 for NDR 56 .86 ± 1 .46 for Healthy | 4 .23 ± 0 .47 for NDR | Healthy + NIDDM | 0.02 | 0.35 | 7 |
Hanyu et al. [23]. | 1998 | Japan | CC | 45 | 60.0 ± 8.8 without DN 56.1 ± 10.5 with DN | 18.2 ± 5.7 without DN 17.0 ± 6.0 with DN | DR | 57 | 56.4 ± 5.1 | NR | Healthy | 0.72 | 0.46 | 6 |
Frost et al. [24]. | 1998 | Germany | CS | 79 | 30.1 ± 6.6 | 13.1 ± 8.1 | DR | 69 | 30.1 ± 6.6 | 13.1 ± 8.1 | T1DM | 0.87 | 0.67 | 5 |
Kimura et al. [25]. | 1998 | Japan | CC | 114 | NA | NA | PDR | 94 | 43.7 ± 15.4 | NR | Healthy | 0.14 | 0.39 | 6 |
Rabensteiner et al. [26]. | 1999 | Austria | CC | 94 | 47.2 ± 9.9 | 31.5 ± 8.2 | PDR | 81 | 47.7 ± 11.5 | 29.7 ± 8.8 | T1DM | 0.37 | 0.44 | 6 |
Solini et al. [27]. | 1999 | Italy | CS | 21 | NA | NA | DR | 181 | NA | NA | T2DM | 0.11 | 0.67 | 4 |
Liao et al. [28]. | 1999 | China | CC | 68 | 51.9 ± 11.1 for BDR 53.1 ± 8.8 for PDR | 9.35 ± 3.87 for BDR 9.46 ± 5.11 for PDR | BDR+PDR | 76 | 53.2 ± 8.7 for NDR 52.3 ± 9.9 for Healthy | 9.29 ± 5.17 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.02 | 0.37 | 7 |
Xiang et al. [29]. | 1999 | China | CC | 49 | 61.1 ± 10.5 | 7.1 ± 8.2 | DR | 162 | 53.2 ± 8.7 for NDR 52.3 ± 9.9 for Healthy | 9.29 ± 5.17 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.28 | 0.38 | 7 |
Wang et al. [30]. | 1999 | China | CC | 23 | 58.26 ± 9.57 | 5.21 ± 5.7 | DR | 172 | 59.0 ± 10.0 for NDR 64.9 ± 10.0 for Healthy | 4.0 ± 5.1 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.00 | 0.39 | 7 |
Liu et al. [31]. | 1999 | China | CC | 100 | 55 (36–90) | 8.8 (0.5–18) | DR | 164 | 53 (38–72) for NDR 35 (20–58) for Healthy | NA | Healthy + DM | 0.21 | 0.40 | 5 |
Van Ittersum et al. [32]. | 2000 | New Zealand | CC | 101 | NA | NA | DR | 151 | NA | NA | IDDM | 0.61 | 0.46 | 4 |
Matsumoto et al. [33]. | 2000 | Japan | CC | 120 | 63.2 ± 10.4 for SDR 56.8 ± 11.9 for ADR | 16.7 ± 7.6 for SDR 16.2 ± 9.1 for ADR | SDR+ADR | 190 | 58.9 ± 12.1 for NDR 52.0 ± 1.0 for Healthy | 15.0 ± 6.6 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.74 | 0.38 | 7 |
Kankova et al. [34]. | 2000 | Czech | CH | 74 | NA | NA | PDR | 348 | 63.6 ± 13.4 for Healthy | NA | Healthy + NIDDM | 0.19 | 0.52 | 5 |
Liao et al. [35]. | 2000 | China | CC | 42 | NA | NA | DR | 178 | 54.83 ± 13.71 for NDR 48.71 ± 15.12 for Healthy | 0.5–30 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.01 | 0.54 | 7 |
Yang et al. [36]. | 2000 | China | CC | 60 | NA | NA | DR | 137 | NA | NA | Healthy + NIDDM | 0.21 | 0.32 | 4 |
Araz et al. [37]. | 2001 | Turkey | CS/CC | 120 | 55.0 ± 8.0 | 11.2 ± 6.5 | DR | 257 | 51.0 ± 9.0 for NDR NA for Healthy | 5.2 ± 5.1 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.98 | 0.60 | 7 |
Viswanathan et al. [38]. | 2001 | India | CC | 86 | 56.7 + 8.9 | 13.4 + 6.9 | DR | 23 | 56.7 + 9.3 | 13.2 + 5.1 | T2DM | 0.01 | 0.46 | 6 |
Petrovic et al. [39]. | 2003 | Slovenia | CC | 124 | 65.6 ± 9.7 | 18.7 ± 9.1 | DR | 80 | 71.3 ± 7.0 | 16.8 ± 6.8 | T2DM | 0.07 | 0.51 | 6 |
Ha et al. [40]. | 2003 | Korea | CS | 180 | NA | NA | DR | 59 | NA | NA | T2DM | 0.07 | 0.37 | 4 |
Crook et al. [41]. | 2003 | USA | CH | 46 | NA | NA | DR | 10 | NA | NA | T2DM | 0.24 | 0.80 | 4 |
Agardh et al. [42]. | 2003 | USA | CC | 24 | 32 (24–37) | 23 (16–31) | SDR | 24 | 28.5 (22–57) | 19.5 (10–56) | T1DM | 0.74 | 0.56 | 6 |
Xu et al. [43]. | 2003 | China | CC | 58 | 62 ± 10 | 8 ± 6 | DR | 142 | 60 ± 12 for NDR 59 ± 12 for Healthy | 8 ± 7 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.03 | 0.35 | 7 |
Thomas et al. [55]. | 2003 | China/Asia | CC | 326 | 59.8 ± 11.4 | 6.3 (5.6–7.0) | DR | 501 | 60.4 ± 9.3 for T2DM | 6.0 (5.6– 6.3) | T2DM | 0.38 | 0.33 | 6 |
Wu et al. [44]. | 2004 | China | CH | 90 | 30.5 ± 4.3 for T1DR 60.2 ± 8.3 for T2DR | 11.8 ± 2.4 for T1DR 15.1 ± 4.7 for T2DR | DR | 294 | 36.8 ± 6.6 for T1DM 65.2 ± 3.2 for T2DM MI 59.5 ± 1.2 for T2DM NMI | 24.3 ± 9.8 for T1DM 15.1 ± 5.0 for T2DM MI 12.3 ± 3.3 for T2DM NMI | T1DM + T2DM | 0.22 | 0.57 | 8 |
Liao et al. [45]. | 2004 | China | CC | 44 | NA | NA | BDR + PDR | 21 | NA | NA | T2DM | 0.16 | 0.40 | 4 |
Degirmenci et al. [46]. | 2005 | Turkey | CC | 57 | NA | NA | DR | 83 | NA | NA | T2DM | 0.61 | 0.54 | 4 |
Chen et al. [47]. | 2005 | China | CC | 27 | 58.39 ± 9.47 | NA | DR | 319 | 55.43 ± 8.31 for NDR NA for Healthy | NA | Healthy + T2DM | 0.39 | 0.63 | 5 |
Lee et al. [48]. | 2006 | Korea | CC | 130 | 53.1 ± 12.3 | 11.4 ± 3.7 | DR | 174 | 53.7 ± 12.9 | 9.4 ± 2.8 | T2DM | 0.01 | 0.42 | 6 |
Liang et al. [49]. | 2006 | China | CC | 82 | 63.41 ± 11.22 | 8.34 ± 6.36 | DR | 153 | 62.98 ± 11.87 for NDR 65.31 ± 9.77 for Healthy | 4.91 ± 4.76 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.54 | 0.32 | 7 |
Nikzamir et al. [50]. | 2010 | Iran | CC | 178 | 59.0 ± 8.7 | 13 (4–30) | DR | 206 | 59.5 ± 8.2 | 11 (1–30) | T2DM | 0.29 | 0.46 | 6 |
Li et al. [51]. | 2013 | China | CC | 207 | 62.4 ± 7.8 | 14.6 ± 7.5 | DR | 302 | 59.5 ± 8.2 for NDR 75.5 ± 2.8 for Healthy | 15.0 ± 4.3 for NDR | Healthy + T2DM | 0.02 | 0.50 | 7 |
Narne et al. [54]. | 2016 | India | CC | 149 | 52.7 ± 7.3 | 14.7 ± 4.7 | DR | 162 | 53.4 ± 5.4 | 15.9 ± 5.6 | T2DM | 0.05 | 0.40 | 6 |
Author (Reference) | Prevalence of ACE I/D Genotype | Prevalence of Allele Frequency | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
II | ID | DD | I | D | ||||||
Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | |
Marre et al. [14]. | 8 | 3 | 28 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 44 | 23 | 60 | 41 |
Fujisawa et al. [15]. | 87 | 19 | 102 | 20 | 33 | 6 | 276 | 58 | 168 | 32 |
Tarnow et al. [16]. | 29 | 16 | 74 | 25 | 52 | 26 | 132 | 57 | 178 | 77 |
Nagi et al. [17]. | 74 | 88 | 120 | 184 | 77 | 104 | 268 | 360 | 274 | 392 |
Doi et al. [18]. | 132 | 48 | 179 | 42 | 51 | 15 | 443 | 138 | 281 | 72 |
Yoshida et al. [19]. | 45 | 23 | 51 | 23 | 22 | 4 | 141 | 69 | 95 | 31 |
Gutie‘rrez et al. [20]. | 6 | 14 | 30 | 44 | 32 | 34 | 42 | 72 | 94 | 112 |
Liu et al. [21]. | 10 | 105 | 8 | 78 | 12 | 15 | 28 | 288 | 32 | 108 |
Hu et al. [22]. | 29 | 39 | 15 | 27 | 12 | 15 | 73 | 105 | 39 | 57 |
Hanyu et al. [23]. | 21 | 17 | 18 | 27 | 6 | 13 | 60 | 61 | 30 | 53 |
Frost et al. [24]. | 23 | 8 | 25 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 71 | 46 | 87 | 92 |
Kimura et al. [25]. | 48 | 38 | 47 | 38 | 19 | 18 | 143 | 114 | 85 | 74 |
Rabensteiner et al. [26]. | 11 | 23 | 46 | 44 | 37 | 14 | 68 | 90 | 120 | 72 |
Solini et al. [27]. | 4 | 25 | 16 | 71 | 1 | 85 | 24 | 121 | 18 | 241 |
Liao et al. [28]. | 33 | 35 | 21 | 26 | 14 | 15 | 87 | 96 | 49 | 56 |
Xiang et al. [29]. | 12 | 65 | 23 | 70 | 14 | 27 | 47 | 200 | 51 | 124 |
Wang et al. [30]. | 9 | 75 | 8 | 61 | 6 | 36 | 26 | 211 | 20 | 133 |
Liu et al. [31]. | 33 | 63 | 38 | 71 | 29 | 30 | 104 | 197 | 96 | 131 |
Van Ittersum et al. [32]. | 29 | 45 | 47 | 72 | 25 | 34 | 105 | 162 | 97 | 140 |
Matsumoto et al. [33]. | 41 | 75 | 53 | 87 | 26 | 28 | 135 | 237 | 105 | 143 |
Kankova et al. [34]. | 14 | 75 | 39 | 186 | 21 | 87 | 67 | 336 | 81 | 360 |
Liao et al. [35]. | 11 | 46 | 18 | 72 | 13 | 60 | 40 | 164 | 44 | 192 |
Yang et al. [36]. | 22 | 60 | 14 | 66 | 24 | 11 | 58 | 186 | 62 | 88 |
Araz et al. [37]. | 20 | 42 | 62 | 124 | 38 | 91 | 102 | 208 | 138 | 306 |
Viswanathan et al. [38]. | 17 | 10 | 45 | 5 | 24 | 8 | 79 | 25 | 93 | 21 |
Petrovic et al. [39]. | 28 | 23 | 63 | 32 | 33 | 25 | 119 | 78 | 129 | 82 |
Ha et al. [40]. | 48 | 20 | 85 | 34 | 47 | 5 | 181 | 74 | 179 | 44 |
Crook et al. [41]. | 5 | 1 | 27 | 2 | 14 | 7 | 37 | 4 | 55 | 16 |
Agardh et al. [42]. | 4 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 19 | 21 | 29 | 27 |
Xu et al. [43]. | 11 | 66 | 31 | 53 | 16 | 23 | 53 | 185 | 63 | 99 |
Thomas et al. [55]. | 157 | 231 | 129 | 212 | 40 | 58 | 443 | 674 | 209 | 328 |
Wu et al. [44]. | 11 | 60 | 45 | 134 | 34 | 100 | 67 | 254 | 113 | 334 |
Liao et al. [45]. | 19 | 9 | 16 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 54 | 25 | 34 | 17 |
Degirmenci et al. [46]. | 6 | 19 | 34 | 39 | 17 | 25 | 46 | 77 | 68 | 89 |
Chen et al. [47]. | 3 | 39 | 5 | 155 | 19 | 125 | 11 | 233 | 43 | 405 |
Lee et al. [48]. | 47 | 67 | 69 | 68 | 14 | 39 | 163 | 202 | 97 | 146 |
Liang et al. [49]. | 26 | 73 | 36 | 63 | 20 | 17 | 88 | 209 | 76 | 97 |
Nikzamir et al. [50]. | 47 | 56 | 73 | 110 | 58 | 40 | 167 | 222 | 189 | 190 |
Li et al. [51]. | 52 | 64 | 120 | 172 | 35 | 66 | 224 | 300 | 190 | 304 |
Narne et al. [54]. | 46 | 64 | 76 | 66 | 27 | 32 | 168 | 194 | 130 | 130 |
Total | 1278 | 1854 | 1947 | 2668 | 1027 | 1394 | 4503 | 63,762 | 4001 | 5456 |
Genetic Model | Group | Sensitivity # | Studies | OR | 95% CI | p * | I2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID vs. II | All studies | All | 40 | 1.14 | 1.00–1.30 | 0.02 | 33.8 |
Sensitivity | 32 | 1.08 | 0.97–1.21 | 0.13 | 22.60 | ||
Non-Asian | All | 15 | 1.04 | 0.86–1.25 | 0.09 | 35.30 | |
Sensitivity | 15 | 1.04 | 0.86–1.25 | 0.09 | 35.30 | ||
Asian | All | 25 | 1.14 | 1.01–1.29 | 0.05 | 34.50 | |
Sensitivity | 17 | 1.11 | 0.96–1.29 | 0.32 | 11.50 | ||
TIDM | All | 8 | 1.00 | 0.64–1.56 | 0.05 | 50.30 | |
Sensitivity | 8 | 1.00 | 0.64–1.56 | 0.05 | 50.30 | ||
T2DM | All | 33 | 1.13 | 1.00–1.24 | 0.05 | 31.20 | |
Sensitivity | 26 | 1.07 | 1.00–1.21 | 0.30 | 11.40 | ||
Non-Asian with T1DM | All | 7 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.14 | 0.04 | 55.40 | |
Sensitivity | 7 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.14 | 0.04 | 55.40 | ||
Non-Asian with T2DM | All | 9 | 1.03 | 0.96–1.10 | 0.49 | 0.00 | |
Sensitivity | 9 | 1.03 | 0.96–1.10 | 0.49 | 0.00 | ||
Asian with T1DM | All | 1 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.46 | NA | NA | |
Sensitivity | 1 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.46 | NA | NA | ||
Asian with T2DM | All | 24 | 1.14 | 1.01–1.30 | 0.05 | 36.10 | |
Sensitivity | 16 | 1.11 | 1.00–1.29 | 0.29 | 13.90 | ||
DD vs. II | All studies | All | 40 | 1.38 | 1.11–1.71 | 0.00 | 62.3 |
Sensitivity | 32 | 1.46 | 1.15–1.87 | 0.00 | 62.20 | ||
Non-Asian | All | 15 | 1.14 | 0.81–1.60 | 0.01 | 55.50 | |
Sensitivity | 15 | 1.14 | 0.81–1.60 | 0.01 | 55.50 | ||
Asian | All | 25 | 1.54 | 1.16–2.04 | 0.00 | 65.30 | |
Sensitivity | 17 | 1.80 | 1.30–2.51 | 0.00 | 63.20 | ||
TIDM | All | 8 | 1.08 | 0.63–1.87 | 0.01 | 61.70 | |
Sensitivity | 8 | 1.08 | 0.63–1.87 | 0.01 | 61.70 | ||
T2DM | All | 33 | 1.39 | 1.10–1.74 | 0.00 | 61.80 | |
Sensitivity | 26 | 1.58 | 1.20–2.07 | 0.00 | 66.20 | ||
Non-Asian with T1DM | All | 7 | 1.09 | 0.92–1.30 | 0.09 | 44.90 | |
Sensitivity | 7 | 1.09 | 0.92–1.30 | 0.09 | 44.90 | ||
Non-Asian with T2DM | All | 9 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.18 | 0.26 | 20.20 | |
Sensitivity | 9 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.18 | 0.26 | 20.20 | ||
Asian with T1DM | All | 1 | 0.99 | 0.64–1.53 | NA | NA | |
Sensitivity | 1 | 0.99 | 0.64–1.53 | NA | NA | ||
Asian with T2DM | All | 24 | 1.54 | 1.14–2.08 | 0.00 | 66.70 | |
Sensitivity | 16 | 1.83 | 1.27–2.63 | 0.00 | 65.80 | ||
Allele contrast | All studies | All | 40 | 1.17 | 1.05–1.30 | 0 | 64.7 |
Sensitivity | 32 | 1.19 | 1.05–1.35 | 0.00 | 65.40 | ||
Non-Asian | All | 15 | 1.02 | 0.86–1.22 | 0.00 | 62.10 | |
Sensitivity | 15 | 1.02 | 0.86–1.22 | 0.00 | 62.10 | ||
Asian | All | 25 | 1.26 | 1.10–1.45 | 0.00 | 65.40 | |
Sensitivity | 17 | 1.35 | 1.15–1.59 | 0.00 | 64.00 | ||
TIDM | All | 8 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.34 | 0.01 | 61.00 | |
Sensitivity | 8 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.34 | 0.01 | 61.00 | ||
T2DM | All | 33 | 1.17 | 1.04–1.32 | 0.00 | 64.90 | |
Sensitivity | 26 | 1.22 | 1.06–1.40 | 0.00 | 66.50 | ||
Non-Asian with T1DM | All | 7 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.16 | 0.01 | 65.40 | |
Sensitivity | 7 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.16 | 0.01 | 65.40 | ||
Non-Asian with T2DM | All | 9 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 | 0.02 | 54.80 | |
Sensitivity | 9 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 | 0.02 | 54.80 | ||
Asian with T1DM | All | 1 | 0.96 | 0.76–1.23 | NA | NA | |
Sensitivity | 1 | 0.96 | 0.76–1.23 | NA | NA | ||
Asian with T2DM | All | 24 | 1.26 | 1.09–1.47 | 0.00 | 66.90 | |
Sensitivity | 16 | 1.36 | 1.14–1.63 | 0.00 | 66.30 | ||
Recessive model | All studies | All | 40 | 1.24 | 1.02–1.51 | 0 | 67.6 |
Sensitivity | 32 | 1.33 | 1.07–1.66 | 0.00 | 69.20 | ||
Non-Asian | All | 15 | 1.03 | 0.79–1.35 | 0.00 | 59.70 | |
Sensitivity | 15 | 1.03 | 0.79–1.35 | 0.00 | 59.70 | ||
Asian | All | 25 | 1.42 | 1.08–1.85 | 0.00 | 71.10 | |
Sensitivity | 17 | 1.73 | 1.24–2.41 | 0.00 | 71.90 | ||
TIDM | All | 8 | 1.09 | 0.86–1.39 | 0.09 | 43.20 | |
Sensitivity | 8 | 1.09 | 0.86–1.39 | 0.09 | 43.20 | ||
T2DM | All | 33 | 1.24 | 1.01–1.54 | 0.00 | 69.50 | |
Sensitivity | 26 | 1.36 | 1.06–1.74 | 0.00 | 71.90 | ||
Non-Asian with T1DM | All | 7 | 1.09 | 0.92–1.30 | 0.09 | 44.90 | |
Sensitivity | 7 | 1.09 | 0.92–1.30 | 0.09 | 44.90 | ||
Non-Asian with T2DM | All | 9 | 1.00 | 0.75–1.25 | 0.00 | 67.20 | |
Sensitivity | 9 | 1.00 | 0.75–1.25 | 0.00 | 67.20 | ||
Asian with T1DM | All | 1 | 0.76 | 0.42–1.42 | NA | NA | |
Sensitivity | 1 | 0.76 | 0.42–1.42 | NA | NA | ||
Asian with T2DM | All | 24 | 1.42 | 1.07–1.88 | 0.00 | 71.80 | |
Sensitivity | 16 | 1.76 | 1.23–2.51 | 0.00 | 72.90 | ||
Dominant model | All studies | All | 40 | 1.21 | 1.06–1.38 | 0.01 | 37.8 |
Sensitivity | 32 | 1.17 | 1.06–1.31 | 0.05 | 30.50 | ||
Non-Asian | All | 15 | 1.15 | 0.97–1.37 | 0.18 | 25.30 | |
Sensitivity | 15 | 1.15 | 0.97–1.37 | 0.18 | 25.30 | ||
Asian | All | 25 | 1.26 | 1.08–1.47 | 0.03 | 37.60 | |
Sensitivity | 17 | 1.25 | 1.09–1.42 | 0.02 | 19.80 | ||
TIDM | All | 8 | 1.03 | 0.66–1.61 | 0.02 | 57.30 | |
Sensitivity | 8 | 1.03 | 0.66–1.61 | 0.02 | 57.30 | ||
T2DM | All | 33 | 1.19 | 1.05–1.36 | 0.04 | 32.20 | |
Sensitivity | 26 | 1.16 | 1.04–1.29 | 0.20 | 18.60 | ||
Non-Asian with T1DM | All | 7 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.11 | 0.01 | 63.00 | |
Sensitivity | 7 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.11 | 0.01 | 63.00 | ||
Non-Asian with T2DM | All | 9 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.67 | 0.00 | |
Sensitivity | 9 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.67 | 0.00 | ||
Asian with T1DM | All | 1 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.25 | NA | NA | |
Sensitivity | 1 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.25 | NA | NA | ||
Asian with T2DM | All | 24 | 1.26 | 1.07–1.49 | 0.02 | 40.20 | |
Sensitivity | 16 | 1.24 | 1.08–1.43 | 0.17 | 25.00 |
Sub Group | Egger Test | Begg Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | Recessive | Dominant | Recessive | |
all study | 0.14 | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.63 |
T1DM | 0.96 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
T2DM | 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.46 |
Non-Asian | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.43 |
Asian | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.18 |
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Luo, S.; Shi, C.; Wang, F.; Wu, Z. Association between the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Genetic Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy—A Meta-Analysis Comprising 10,168 Subjects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111142
Luo S, Shi C, Wang F, Wu Z. Association between the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Genetic Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy—A Meta-Analysis Comprising 10,168 Subjects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111142
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Shasha, Chao Shi, Furu Wang, and Zhifeng Wu. 2016. "Association between the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Genetic Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy—A Meta-Analysis Comprising 10,168 Subjects" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111142