Drug Dependence Treatment Awareness among Japanese Female Stimulant Drug Offenders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant Recruitment
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Individual Demographic Characteristics and the History of Substance Use
2.2.2. Conditions of Withdrawal Symptoms and Self-Perceived Mental Health
2.2.3. Drug Dependence Treatment Awareness
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Participant Characteristics According to Treatment Awareness Levels
3.3. Relationship between Prisoner Characteristics and High Treatment Awareness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC). World Drug Report; UNDOC: Vienna, Austria, 2015. Available online: http://www.slideshare.net/jodiwicaksono9/world-drug-report2015 (accessed on 14 June 2016).
- World Health Organization. Who’s Role, Mandate and Activities to Counter the World Drug Problem: A Public Health Perspective; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Csete, J.; Kamarulzaman, A.; Kazatchkine, M.; Altice, F.; Balicki, M.; Buxton, J.; Cepeda, J.; Comfort, M.; Goosby, E.; Goulao, J.; et al. Public health and international drug policy. Lancet 2016, 387, 1427–1480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Justice. White Paper on Crime 2014. Available online: http://hakusyo1.moj.go.jp/en/63/nfm/mokuji.html (accessed on 15 June 2016).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Other Drugs: Challenges for Asia and the Pacific (November 2013); UNODC: Vienna, Austria, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Ujike, H.; Sato, M. Clinical features of sensitization to methamphetamine observed in patients with methamphetamine dependence and psychosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1025, 279–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Council for Promotion of Measures to Prevent Drug Abuse. The Forth Five-Year Drug Abuse Prevention Strategy. Available online: http://www8.cao.go.jp/souki/drug/pdf/know/4_5strategy-e.pdf (accessed on 27 September 2016).
- De Leon, G.; Melnick, G.; Thomas, G.; Kressel, D.; Wexler, H.K. Motivation for treatment in a prison-based therapeutic community. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 2000, 26, 33–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, N.K.; Rawson, R.A. A systematic review of cognitive and behavioural therapies for methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008, 27, 309–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glasner-Edwards, S.; Mooney, L.J. Methamphetamine psychosis: Epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs 2014, 28, 1115–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hyman, S.E.; Malenka, R.C.; Nestler, E.J. Neural mechanisms of addiction: The role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 29, 565–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Konuma, K. Multiphasic clinical types of methamphetamine psychosis and its dependence. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 1984, 86, 315–339. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Justice. Act on Penal Detention Facilities and Treatment of Inmates and Detainees (act no. 50 of 2005). Tokyo, Japan, 2005. Available online: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=2637&vm=04&re=02&new=1 (accessed on 29 September 2016). [Google Scholar]
- Correction Bureau Ministry of Justice. Penal Institutions in Japan; Correction Bureau Ministry of Justice: Tokyo, Japan, 2008.
- Green, L.W.; Kreuter, M.W.; Green, L.W. Health Program Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach, 4th ed.; Green, L.W., Kreuter, M.W., Green, L.W., Eds.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2005; Chapter 1: A framework for planning. [Google Scholar]
- Yasuki, M.; Fujiyabu, K.; Kudo, H.; Ibe, F.; Ymaguchi, Y.; Asano, C. Capas nouryoku kensa 1·2 no saikentou (review for performance test with capas). Chuo Kenkyusyo Kiyou (Chuo Acad. Res. Inst./Jpn. Correct. Assoc. Chuo Res. Cent.) 2003, 13, 101–111. [Google Scholar]
- Zorick, T.; Nestor, L.; Miotto, K.; Sugar, C.; Hellemann, G.; Scanlon, G.; Rawson, R.; London, E.D. Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Addiction 2010, 105, 1809–1818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cacciola, J.S.; Alterman, A.I.; Habing, B.; McLellan, A.T. Recent status scores for version 6 of the addiction severity index (ASI-6). Addiction 2011, 106, 1588–1602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haraguchi, A.; Ogai, Y.; Senoo, E.; Saito, S.; Suzuki, Y.; Yoshino, A.; Ino, A.; Yanbe, K.; Hasegawa, M.; Murakami, M.; et al. Verification of the addiction severity index Japanese version (ASI-J) as a treatment-customization, prediction, and comparison tool for alcohol-dependent individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 2205–2225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Asghar, K.; Souza, E.D. Pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1989, 94, 1–357. [Google Scholar]
- Leith, N.J.; Kuczenski, R. Chronic amphetamine: Tolerance and reverse tolerance reflect different behavioral actions of the drug. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1981, 15, 399–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borders, T.F.; Booth, B.M.; Falck, R.S.; Leukefeld, C.; Wang, J.; Carlson, R.G. Longitudinal changes in drug use severity and physical health-related quality of life among untreated stimulant users. Addict. Behav. 2009, 34, 959–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Regier, D.A.; Farmer, M.E.; Rae, D.S.; Locke, B.Z.; Keith, S.J.; Judd, L.L.; Goodwin, F.K. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. JAMA 1990, 264, 2511–2518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galassi, A.; Mpofu, E.; Athanasou, J. Therapeutic community treatment of an inmate population with substance use disorders: Post-release trends in re-arrest, re-incarceration, and drug misuse relapse. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 7059–7072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Konuma, K. Differential diagnosis between methamphetamine psychosis (positive symptoms residual type) and schizophrenia. Jpn. J. Alcohol Stud. Drug Depend. 2007, 14, 35–46. [Google Scholar]
- Grella, C.E.; Rodriguez, L. Motivation for treatment among women offenders in prison-based treatment and longitudinal outcomes among those who participate in community aftercare. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2011, 7, 58–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prochaska, J.O.; DiClemente, C.C. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1983, 51, 390–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Community Management of Opioid Overdose; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Rimer, B.K.; Glanz, K.; Rasband, G. Searching for evidence about health education and health behavior interventions. Health Educ. Behav. 2001, 28, 231–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kamoshita, M.; Takahashi, M.; Kyoko, F.; Kurisu, M.; Akatsuka, K. Kakuseizai hanzai jihan jyukeisya no jittai ni kansuru kenkyu (a study on the actual condition of the imprisoned stimulant offender). Chuo Acad. Res. Inst./Jpn. Correct. Assoc. Chuo Res. Cent. 2006, 16, 1–56. [Google Scholar]
- De Leon, G.; Melnick, G.; Kressel, D.; Jainchill, N. Circumstances, motivation, readiness, and suitability (the CMRS scales): Predicting retention in therapeutic community treatment. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1994, 20, 495–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Leon, G.; Jainchill, N. Circumstance, motivation, readiness and suitability as correlates of treatment tenure. J. Psychoact. Drugs 1986, 18, 203–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simpson, D.D.; Joe, G.W. Motivation as a predictor of early dropout from drug-abuse treatment. Psychotherapy 1993, 30, 357–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naruse, N.; Takahashi, K. Yakubutsu izonsyou no chiryo (treatment of drug dependence). Kokoro Kagaku 2003, 111, 49–55. [Google Scholar]
- Prochaska, J.O.; Velicer, W.F. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am. J. Health Promot. 1997, 12, 38–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hiller, M.L.; Knight, K.; Simpson, D.D. Prison-based substance abuse treatment, residential aftercare and recidivism. Addiction 1999, 94, 833–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leukefeld, C.G.; Tims, F.R. Drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1993, 10, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Total n = 80 (100%) | Awareness Level of a Drug Dependence Treatment 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low n = 40 (50%) | High n = 40 (50%) | p-Value | |||
Demographic | Age, years (SD) * | 39.9 (8.8) | 39.8 (9.5) | 40.1 (8.1) | 0.86 |
Education year length, n (%) | 0.81 | ||||
<12 years | 65 (81.3) | 35 (53.8) | 30 (46.2) | ||
≥12 years | 15 (18.8) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | ||
Employed before arrest, n (%) | 0.11 | ||||
Unemployed | 20 (25.0) | 7 (35.0) | 13 (65.0) | ||
Employed | 60 (75.0) | 33 (55.0) | 27 (45.0) | ||
Social welfare recipient, n (%) | 0.50 | ||||
Non-recipient | 39 (48.8) | 21 (53.8) | 18 (46.2) | ||
Recipient | 41 (51.3) | 19 (46.3) | 22 (53.7) | ||
IQ measured by CAPAS, points (SD) * | 85.1 (8.5) | 86.0 (8.9) | 84.2 (8.1) | 0.35 | |
Mean number of times in prison, years (SD) * | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.3 (1.4) | 0.50 | |
Number of times in prison, n (%) | 0.12 | ||||
First time | 31 (38.8) | 18 (58.1) | 13 (41.9) | ||
Second times | 20 (25.0) | 6 (30.0) | 14 (70.0) | ||
Repeated offense | 29 (36.3) | 16 (55.2) | 13 (44.8) | ||
History of substance use | Age at first use of a stimulant, years (SD) * | 19.3 (5.0) | 19.2 (6.0) | 19.4 (3.8) | 0.89 |
Stimulant intake during 30 days prior to the arrest, days (SD) * | 27.4 (7.6) | 27.1 (7.9) | 27.6 (7.3) | 0.76 | |
Period of stimulant use, years (SD) * | 17.7 (9.1) | 17.7 (10.4) | 17.8 (7.7) | 0.93 | |
Major type of substances, n (%) | 0.23 | ||||
Stimulant drug only | 14 (17.5) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | ||
Stimulant drug and alcohol | 51 (63.8) | 22 (43.1) | 29 (56.9) | ||
More than one drug | 15 (18.8) | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | ||
Cohabitant drug use, n of yes (%) | 47 (58.8) | 20 (42.6) | 27 (57.4) | 0.11 | |
Condition of withdraw symptoms at admission | Having drug aftereffects at least one, n (%) | 69 (86.3) | 33 (47.8) | 36 (52.2) | 0.33 |
Number of drug aftereffects, n of symptoms (SD) * | 4.9 (2.8) | 4.0 (2.7) | 5.8 (2.6) | 0.00 | |
Symptom of drug aftereffects, n of yes (%) | |||||
Irritable | 65 (81.3) | 31 (47.7) | 34 (52.3) | 0.39 | |
Sensitivity to sound | 52 (65.0) | 19 (36.5) | 33 (63.5) | 0.00 | |
Tinnitus | 52 (65.0) | 20 (38.5) | 32 (61.5) | 0.00 | |
Insomnia | 56 (70.0) | 23 (41.1) | 33 (58.9) | 0.01 | |
Phlegmatic temperament | 62 (77.5) | 27 (43.5) | 35 (56.5) | 0.03 | |
Anxiety | 63 (78.8) | 30 (47.6) | 33 (52.4) | 0.41 | |
Psychomotor excitement | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0.08 | |
Auditory hallucinations | 20 (25.0) | 5 (25.0) | 15 (75.0) | 0.01 | |
Delusion | 19 (23.8) | 6 (31.6) | 13 (68.4) | 0.07 | |
Mental health status | Self-perceived status, n of yes (%) | ||||
Serious depression | 43 (53.8) | 17 (39.5) | 26 (60.5) | 0.04 | |
Severe anxiety or stress | 43 (53.8) | 17 (39.5) | 26 (60.5) | 0.04 | |
Auditory/visual hallucinations | 23 (28.8) | 7 (30.4) | 16 (69.6) | 0.03 | |
Memory deterioration | 20 (25.0) | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0.22 | |
Psychomotor excitement | 20 (25.0) | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0.61 | |
Suicidal ideation | 26 (32.5) | 11 (42.3) | 15 (57.7) | 0.34 | |
Attempted Suicide | 18 (22.5) | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | 1.00 |
Total n (%) | OR 1 | (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | Age | |||
≤29 years | 10 (13) | Ref. | ||
30–39 | 31 (39) | 1.4 | (0.3–6.0) | |
40–49 | 30 (38) | 2.0 | (0.5–8.4) | |
≥50 | 9 (11) | 1.2 | (0.2–7.4) | |
Education year length | ||||
<12 years | 65 (81) | Ref. | ||
≥12 years | 15 (19) | 2.3 | (0.7–7.6) | |
Employment status before arrest | ||||
Employed | 60 (75) | Ref. | ||
Unemployed | 20 (25) | 2.3 | (0.8–6.5) | |
Social welfare recipient | ||||
Non-receipt | 39 (49) | Ref. | ||
Recipient | 41 (51) | 1.4 | (0.6–3.3) | |
IQ measured by CAPAS (tertile) | ||||
≥90 | 24 (30) | Ref. | ||
82–89 | 29 (36) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.2) | |
≤81 | 27 (34) | 0.9 | (0.3–2.8) | |
Number of times in prison | ||||
First time | 31 (39) | Ref. | ||
Second times | 20 (25) | 3.2 | (1.0–10.7) | |
Repeated offense | 29 (36) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.1) | |
History of substance use | Age for first stimulant drug use | |||
≤18 years | 46 (58) | Ref. | ||
≥19 | 34 (43) | 1.5 | (0.6–3.7) | |
Period of stimulant use | ||||
≤10 years | 21 (26) | Ref. | ||
11–19 | 34 (43) | 2.1 | (0.7–6.3) | |
≥20 | 25 (31) | 1.8 | (0.5–5.7) | |
Major ingested substances | ||||
Stimulant drug only | 14 (18) | Ref. | ||
Stimulant drug and alcohol | 51 (64) | 1.8 | (0.5–5.8) | |
More than one drug | 15 (19) | 0.7 | (0.1–3.0) | |
Drug use of cohabitant | ||||
No | 33 (41) | Ref. | ||
Yes | 47 (59) | 2.1 | (0.8–5.1) | |
Condition of withdraw symptoms at admission | Symptom of drug aftereffects 2 | |||
Irritable | 65 (81) | 1.6 | (0.5–5.2) | |
Sensitivity to sound | 52 (65) | 5.2 | (1.9–14.5) | |
Tinnitus | 52 (65) | 4.0 | (1.5–10.8) | |
Insomnia | 56 (70) | 3.5 | (1.2–9.7) | |
Phlegmatic temperament | 62 (78) | 3.4 | (1.1–10.6) | |
Anxiety | 63 (79) | 1.6 | (0.5–4.7) | |
Psychomotor excitement | 3 (4) | NE | ||
Auditory hallucinations | 20 (25) | 4.2 | (1.4–13.1) | |
Delusion | 19 (24) | 2.7 | (0.9–8.1) | |
Having drug aftereffects (at least one) | ||||
No | 11 (14) | Ref. | ||
Yes | 69 (86) | 2.1 | (0.8–5.1) | |
Number of drug aftereffects | ||||
Continuous (1 increment) | 1.3 | (1.1–1.5) | ||
Category (tertile) | ||||
≤4 | 31 (39) | Ref. | ||
5–6 | 28 (35) | 3.3 | (1.1–9.6) | |
≥7 | 21 (26) | 6.1 | (1.8–20.8) | |
Mental health status | Self-perceived status 2 | |||
Serious depression | 43 (54) | 2.5 | (1.0–6.2) | |
Severe anxiety or stress | 43 (54) | 2.5 | (1.0–6.2) | |
Auditory/visual hallucinations | 26 (33) | 3.1 | (1.1–8.8) | |
Memory deterioration | 23 (29) | 1.9 | (0.7–5.0) | |
Psychomotor excitement | 20 (25) | 1.3 | (0.5–3.6) | |
Suicidal ideation | 26 (33) | 1.6 | (0.6–4.1) | |
Attempted Suicide | 18 (23) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.9) |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yatsugi, S.; Fujita, K.; Kashima, S.; Eboshida, A. Drug Dependence Treatment Awareness among Japanese Female Stimulant Drug Offenders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111127
Yatsugi S, Fujita K, Kashima S, Eboshida A. Drug Dependence Treatment Awareness among Japanese Female Stimulant Drug Offenders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111127
Chicago/Turabian StyleYatsugi, Shinzo, Koji Fujita, Saori Kashima, and Akira Eboshida. 2016. "Drug Dependence Treatment Awareness among Japanese Female Stimulant Drug Offenders" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111127