Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Adjustment of the Meteorological Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Analytic Plan
2.3.2. Associations and Exposure-Response Relationships between PM2.5 and Mortality
2.3.3. Impacts of Extensive Adjustment of Temperature and Relative Humidity
2.4. Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Associations and Exposure-Response Relationships between PM2.5 and Mortality in Whole Population and Subgroup Population from Base Models
3.3. Impacts of Extensively Adjustment of Temperature and Humidity on PM2.5 Effects Estimation and Exposure-Response Relationships
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Mean ± SD | Percentiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max | ||
Outcomes | ||||||
CVD | 99.57 ± 20.36 | 54 | 85 | 97 | 113 | 173 |
CBD | 46.25 ± 10.32 | 22 | 39 | 45 | 53 | 82 |
IHD | 44.87 ± 11.18 | 20 | 37 | 44 | 52 | 92 |
Environmental Data | ||||||
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 95.68 ± 70.83 | 5.83 | 41.79 | 80.09 | 127.92 | 492.75 |
Temperature (°C) | 13.21 ± 11.34 | −12.5 | 2.2 | 14.9 | 24.0 | 34.5 |
Barometric Pressure (kPa) | 101.24 ± 1.03 | 98.97 | 100.41 | 101.18 | 102.05 | 103.93 |
Relative Humidity (%) | 50.86 ± 19.97 | 9 | 34 | 52 | 67 | 95 |
Wind (m/s) | 2.23 ± 0.93 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 6.4 |
Mortality | Lag Days | Whole Population | Gender | Age Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ≥65 | <65 | |||
CVD | ||||||
Lag 0–1 | 0.42 (0.28, 0.56) | 0.47 (0.29, 0.64) | 0.36 (0.16, 0.56) | 0.46 (0.31, 0.62) | 0.23 (−0.06, 0.52) | |
Lag 2–5 | −0.15 (−0.29, −0.02) | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.07) | −0.22 (−0.41, −0.03) | −0.14 (−0.29, 0.01) | −0.20 (−0.47, 0.08) | |
Lag 0–5 | 0.24 (0.05, 0.43) | 0.34 (0.10, 0.58) | 0.12 (−0.15, 0.39) | 0.30 (0.08, 0.51) | −0.01 (−0.41, 0.39) | |
CBD | ||||||
Lag 0–1 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.62) | 0.46 (0.21, 0.70) | 0.38 (0.10, 0.66) | 0.45 (0.24, 0.66) | 0.31 (−0.12, 0.75) | |
Lag 2–5 | −0.16 (−0.34, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.26, 0.20) | −0.33 (−0.60, −0.06) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.06) | −0.23 (−0.64, 0.18) | |
Lag 0–5 | 0.23 (−0.03, 0.50) | 0.39 (0.05, 0.72) | 0.03 (−0.36, 0.42) | 0.29 (0.00, 0.58) | −0.02 (−0.62, 0.58) | |
IHD | ||||||
Lag 0–1 | 0.47 (0.26, 0.67) | 0.58 (0.31, 0.84) | 0.34 (0.05, 0.62) | 0.52 (0.29, 0.74) | 0.23 (−0.21, 0.66) | |
Lag 2–5 | −0.23 (−0.43, −0.04) | −0.26 (−0.51, −0.01) | −0.20 (−0.47, 0.07) | −0.21 (−0.42, 0.01) | −0.35 (−0.77, 0.06) | |
Lag 0–5 | 0.22 (−0.06, 0.50) | 0.28 (−0.08, 0.64) | 0.16 (−0.24, 0.55) | 0.28 (−0.02, 0.59) | −0.07 (−0.67, 0.53) |
Outcome | Population | Base Model a | Extensive Adjusted Model b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 Days | 14 Days | 21 Days | 28 Days | 40 Days | |||
CVD | Whole population | 0.42 (0.28, 0.56) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.40) | 0.22 (0.07, 0.37) | 0.24 (0.09, 0.38) | 0.27 (0.13, 0.42) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.39) |
Male | 0.47 (0.29, 0.64) | 0.26 (0.07, 0.44) | 0.21 (0.02, 0.40) | 0.25 (0.06, 0.44) | 0.28 (0.10, 0.47) | 0.26 (0.08, 0.43) | |
Female | 0.36 (0.16, 0.56) | 0.25 (0.04, 0.46) | 0.22 (0.01, 0.44) | 0.21 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.26 (0.05, 0.46) | 0.24 (0.04, 0.44) | |
≥65 | 0.46 (0.31, 0.62) | 0.28 (0.11, 0.44) | 0.25 (0.08, 0.41) | 0.25 (0.08, 0.41) | 0.29 (0.13, 0.45) | 0.28 (0.12, 0.43) | |
<65 | 0.14 (−0.16, 0.43) | 0.15 (−0.17, 0.47) | 0.10 (−0.22, 0.42) | 0.18 (−0.14, 0.50) | 0.19 (−0.13, 0.50) | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.43) | |
CBD | |||||||
Whole population | 0.42 (0.23, 0.62) | 0.26 (0.05, 0.47) | 0.22 (0.01, 0.43) | 0.21 (0.00, 0.42) | 0.27 (0.06, 0.47) | 0.23 (0.03, 0.42) | |
Male | 0.46 (0.21, 0.70) | 0.22 (−0.04, 0.49) | 0.15 (−0.11, 0.42) | 0.16 (−0.11, 0.43) | 0.19 (−0.07, 0.45) | 0.17 (−0.08, 0.42) | |
Female | 0.38 (0.10, 0.66) | 0.31 (0.00, 0.61) | 0.31 (0.00, 0.62) | 0.28 (−0.03, 0.60) | 0.35 (0.05, 0.67) | 0.30 (0.01, 0.60) | |
≥65 | 0.45 (0.24, 0.66) | 0.28 (0.05, 0.51) | 0.23 (0.01, 0.46) | 0.21 (−0.02, 0.43) | 0.26 (0.04, 0.48) | 0.22 (0.01, 0.43) | |
<65 | 0.31 (−0.12, 0.75) | 0.17 (−0.30, 0.65) | 0.18 (−0.30, 0.67) | 0.25 (−0.23, 0.74) | 0.31 (−0.16, 0.78) | 0.26 (−0.19, 0.72) | |
IHD | |||||||
Whole population | 0.47 (0.26, 0.67) | 0.27 (0.05, 0.49) | 0.25 (0.03, 0.47) | 0.30 (0.08, 0.53) | 0.33 (0.11, 0.54) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.54) | |
Male | 0.58 (0.31, 0.84) | 0.36 (0.05, 0.62) | 0.35 (0.06, 0.64) | 0.43 (0.14, 0.72) | 0.47 (0.18, 0.75) | 0.46 (0.19, 0.73) | |
Female | 0.34 (0.05, 0.62) | 0.16 (−0.14, 0.47) | 0.14 (−0.18, 0.45) | 0.15 (−0.16, 0.47) | 0.16 (−0.14, 0.47) | 0.18 (−0.12, 0.47) | |
≥65 | 0.52 (0.29, 0.74) | 0.28 (0.04, 0.52) | 0.28 (0.03, 0.52) | 0.31 (0.07, 0.56) | 0.35 (0.12, 0.59) | 0.37 (0.14, 0.60) | |
<65 | 0.23 (−0.21, 0.66) | 0.23 (−0.25, 0.71) | 0.14 (−0.35, 0.62) | 0.25 (−0.24, 0.74) | 0.21 (−0.27, 0.69) | 0.15 (−0.31, 0.61) |
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Luo, K.; Li, W.; Zhang, R.; Li, R.; Xu, Q.; Cao, Y. Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Adjustment of the Meteorological Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111082
Luo K, Li W, Zhang R, Li R, Xu Q, Cao Y. Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Adjustment of the Meteorological Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111082
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Kai, Wenjing Li, Ruiming Zhang, Runkui Li, Qun Xu, and Yang Cao. 2016. "Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Adjustment of the Meteorological Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111082