Prevalence and Correlates of Prehypertension and Hypertension among Adults in Northeastern China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Blood Pressure Measurement and Classification
2.4. Other Variable Measurements and Classification
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Prehypertension and Hypertension
Variables | N | Prehypertension | Hypertension | χ2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | PR (95%CI) | n | PR (95%CI) | ||||
Total | 17,584 | 6036 | 36.0 (35.0–37.0) | 6540 | 30.8 (29.9–31.6) | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
18–24 | 841 | 355 | 39.8 (35.3–44.5) | 71 | 7.1 (5.2–9.7) | 151.734 | <0.001 |
25–34 | 2213 | 904 | 40.5 (37.8–43.1) | 261 | 12.6 (10.8–14.7) | ||
35–44 | 3964 | 1498 | 38.5 (36.9–40.2) | 955 | 25.4 (23.9–27.0) | ||
45–54 | 4822 | 1637 | 34.3 (32.9–35.7) | 1977 | 41.4 (40.0–42.9) | ||
55–64 | 3919 | 1182 | 30.1 (28.6–31.7) | 2099 | 53.5 (51.8–55.2) | ||
65–79 | 1825 | 460 | 25.5 (22.9–28.3) | 1177 | 63.9 (60.9–66.7) | ||
Gender | |||||||
Female | 9488 | 2808 | 27.9 (26.7–29.2) | 3216 | 26.4 (25.3–27.5) | 12.443 | <0.001 |
Male | 8096 | 3228 | 43.5 (42.0–45.0) | 3324 | 34.9 (33.5–36.2) | ||
Location | |||||||
Urban | 8944 | 3032 | 34.9 (33.6–36.2) | 3140 | 30.4 (29.2–31.6) | 0.542 | 0.462 |
Rural | 8640 | 3004 | 37.3 (35.7–38.8) | 3400 | 31.3 (30.0–32.6) | ||
Ethnicity | |||||||
Han | 16,223 | 5565 | 35.9 (34.9–37.0) | 6059 | 30.8 (29.9–31.8) | 0.214 | 0.643 |
Other | 1361 | 471 | 36.4 (32.8–40.2) | 481 | 29.9 (26.7–33.3) | ||
Educational status (years) | |||||||
Primary school or below | 5345 | 1719 | 34.0 (32.3–35.8) | 2394 | 39.8 (38.1–41.5) | 30.972 | <0.001 |
Middle school | 5010 | 1723 | 35.7 (33.8–37.5) | 1875 | 31.4 (29.8–33.1) | ||
High school | 4520 | 1613 | 37.2 (35.1–39.3) | 1583 | 29.4 (27.8–31.1) | ||
Undergraduate and above | 2709 | 981 | 37.0 (34.6–39.6) | 688 | 20.9 (19.0–23.0) | ||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 15,136 | 5170 | 35.3 (34.3–36.3) | 5744 | 32.9 (32.0–33.8) | 37.802 | <0.001 |
Unmarried | 2448 | 866 | 38.6 (35.6–41.7) | 796 | 22.2 (20.0–24.5) | ||
Occupation | |||||||
Manual | 9962 | 3635 | 38.5 (37.2–39.9) | 3479 | 29.0 (27.9–30.1) | 87.142 | <0.001 |
Brain | 3363 | 1183 | 36.2 (33.8–38.6) | 969 | 22.8 (21.1–24.6) | ||
Retired/unemployed | 4259 | 1218 | 29.0 (27.2–31.0) | 2092 | 44.3 (42.3–46.3) | ||
Family income per capita (¥) | |||||||
<500 | 3586 | 1174 | 34.8 (32.8–36.8) | 1585 | 38.7 (36.8–40.6) | 17.348 | <0.001 |
500– | 3683 | 1247 | 35.0 (32.8–37.2) | 1449 | 33.7 (31.7–35.7) | ||
1000– | 5868 | 1989 | 35.0 (33.3–36.7) | 2082 | 29.4 (27.9–30.9) | ||
2000– | 4447 | 1626 | 38.4 (36.4–40.4) | 1424 | 26.4 (24.8–28.1) |
Variables | Rural, n (%) 2 | Urban, n (%) 2 | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 8640 (100.0) | 8944 (100.0) | ||
Age (years) | 52.164 | 0.002 | ||
18–24 | 266 (14.0) | 575 (13.3) | ||
25–34 | 817 (18.1) | 1396 (22.1) | ||
35–44 | 1868 (24.0) | 2096 (22.6) | ||
45–54 | 2532 (20.7) | 2290 (20.0) | ||
55–64 | 2271 (15.2) | 1648 (13.4) | ||
65–79 | 886 (8.0) | 939 (8.6) | ||
Gender | 2.905 | 0.229 | ||
Female | 4723 (49.1) | 4765 (47.8) | ||
Male | 3917 (50.9) | 4179 (52.2) | ||
Ethnicity | 22.387 | <0.001 | ||
Han | 8072 (93.5) | 8151 (91.6) | ||
Other | 568 (6.5) | 793 (8.4) | ||
Educational status | 2895.816 | <0.001 | ||
Primary school or below | 4103 (39.3) | 1242 (10.6) | ||
Middle school | 2584 (34.2) | 2426 (26.1) | ||
High school | 1314 (16.4) | 3206 (35.8) | ||
Undergraduate and above | 639 (10.1) | 2070 (27.5) | ||
Marital status | 338.080 | <0.001 | ||
Married | 7853 (86.2) | 7283 (75.0) | ||
Unmarried | 787 (13.8) | 1661 (25.0) | ||
Occupation | 809.274 | <0.001 | ||
Manual | 5984 (67.2) | 3978 (45.7) | ||
Brain | 1187 (18.0) | 2176 (27.9) | ||
Retired/unemployed | 1469 (14.8) | 2790 (26.4) | ||
Family income per capita (¥) | 2385.274 | <0.001 | ||
<500 | 2862 (26.6) | 724 (6.6) | ||
500– | 2353 (27.0) | 1330 (12.6) | ||
1000– | 2017 (25.8) | 3851 (43.0) | ||
2000– | 1408 (20.5) | 3039 (37.8) | ||
Drinking | 17.239 | 0.003 | ||
Yes | 2504 (31.9) | 2932 (34.9) | ||
No | 6136 (68.1) | 6012 (65.1) | ||
Salt intake | 3.555 | 0.180 | ||
Excess | 3283 (39.4) | 3376 (38.0) | ||
Normal | 5357 (60.6) | 5568 (62.0) | ||
Nutrition intake | ||||
Fruit | 311.138 | <0.001 | ||
≥2 times/week | 3757 (45.3) | 5245 (58.6) | ||
<2 times/week | 4883 (54.7) | 3699 (41.4) | ||
Egg | 54.358 | <0.001 | ||
≥2 times/week | 4953 (56.0) | 5674 (61.5) | ||
<2 times/week | 3687 (44.0) | 3270 (38.5) | ||
Meat | 223.905 | <0.001 | ||
≥2 times/week | 2409 (31.2) | 3528 (42.2) | ||
<2 times/week | 6231 (68.8) | 516 (57.8) | ||
Family history | 41.433 | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 3930 (46.9) | 4610 (51.7) | ||
No | 4710 (53.1) | 4334 (48.3) | ||
BMI | 9.465 | 0.089 | ||
Normal | 5198 (63.8) | 5435 (61.8) | ||
Overweight | 2869 (29.4) | 2956 (31.6) | ||
Obesity | 573 (6.8) | 553 (6.6) | ||
Abdominal obesity | 1.751 | 0.323 | ||
Yes | 2858 (29.4) | 2875 (30.3) | ||
No | 5782 (70.6) | 6069 (69.7) | ||
Hypertriglyceridemia | 6.77 | 0.056 | ||
Yes | 3713 (38.7) | 3577 (36.7) | ||
No | 4927 (61.3) | 5367 (63.3) | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | 14.248 | 0.004 | ||
Yes | 3061 (29.0) | 3130 (31.6) | ||
No | 5579 (71.0) | 5814 (68.4) |
3.2. Correlates of Prehypertension and Hypertension
Characteristics | Prehypertension | Hypertension | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
18–24 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
25–34 | 1.149 (0.914, 1.444) | 0.233 | 2.003 (1.353, 2.963) | 0.001 |
35–44 | 1.423 (1.150, 1.762) | 0.001 | 5.237 (3.663, 7.488) | <0.001 |
45–54 | 1.881 (1.519, 2.328) | <0.001 | 12.682 (8.898, 18.077) | <0.001 |
55–64 | 2.449 (1.956, 3.067) | <0.001 | 24.263 (16.933, 34.767) | <0.001 |
65–79 | 3.193 (2.389, 4.269) | <0.001 | 44.597 (30.114, 66.046) | <0.001 |
Gender (Male/Female) | 3.293 (2.952, 3.674) | <0.001 | 2.787 (2.513, 3.090) | <0.001 |
Location (Urban/Rural) | 0.849 (0.760, 0.948) | 0.004 | 0.879 (0.793, 0.975) | 0.015 |
Ethnicity (Other/Han) | 0.998 (0.820, 1.215) | 0.984 | 0.955 (0.788, 1.157) | 0.637 |
Educational status (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Primary school or below | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Middle school | 0.833 (0.721, 0.963) | 0.013 | 0.628 (0.548, 0.719) | <0.001 |
High school | 0.857 (0.739, 0.995) | 0.043 | 0.580 (0.506, 0.665) | <0.001 |
Undergraduate and above | 0.678 (0.579, 0.794) | <0.001 | 0.327 (0.278, 0.385) | <0.001 |
Marital status (Unmarried/Married) | 0.885 (0.757, 1.036) | 0.129 | 0.617 (0.528, 0.721) | <0.001 |
Occupation | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Manual | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Brain | 0.743 (0.649, 0.852) | <0.001 | 0.624 (0.546, 0.712) | <0.001 |
Retired/unemployed | 0.918 (0.796, 1.059) | 0.240 | 1.863 (1.636, 2.122) | <0.001 |
Family income per capita (¥) | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||
<500 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
500– | 0.850 (0.717,1.008) | 0.062 | 0.735 (0.629,0.859) | <0.001 |
1000– | 0.750 (0.646,0.871) | <0.001 | 0.567 (0.494,0.651) | <0.001 |
2000– | 0.832 (0.714,0.970) | 0.019 | 0.514 (0.446,0.594) | <0.001 |
Drinking (Yes/No) | 1.963 (1.746,2.208) | <0.001 | 2.030 (1.816,2.270) | <0.001 |
Salt intake (Excess/Normal) | 1.140 (1.020,1.273) | 0.021 | 1.247 (1.124,1.384) | <0.001 |
Nutrition intake 1 | ||||
Fruit 1: ≥ 2 times/week | 0.752 (0.675,0.839) | <0.001 | 0.589 (0.531,0.652) | <0.001 |
Egg 1: ≥ 2 times/week | 1.297 (1.162,1.448) | <0.001 | 1.397 (1.259,1.550) | <0.001 |
Meet 1: ≥ 2 times/weeek | 1.199 (1.072,1.340) | <0.001 | 0.963 (0.864,0.072) | 0.486 |
Family history (Yes/No) | 1.010 (0.906,1.125) | 0.858 | 1.290 (1.165,1.428) | <0.001 |
BMI | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Normal | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Overweight | 2.217 (1.960,2.508) | <0.001 | 4.552 (4.042,5.125) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 3.923 (2.829,5.440) | <0.001 | 8.492 (6.307,11.435) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (Yes/No) | 2.422 (2.114,2.775) | <0.001 | 5.440 (4.789,6.181) | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia (Yes/No) | 2.176 (1.939,2.442) | <0.001 | 4.531 (4.062,5.054) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia (Yes/No) | 1.828 (1.631,2.050) | <0.001 | 3.473 (3.119,3.867) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Prehypertension | Hypertension | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
18–24 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
25–34 | 0.904 (0.718, 1.139) | 0.394 | 1.112 (0.700, 1.764) | 0.653 |
35–44 | 1.239 (0.994, 1.544) | 0.057 | 2.833 (1.843, 4.354) | <0.001 |
45–54 | 1.538 (1.228, 1.926) | <0.001 | 6.936 (4.496, 10.701) | <0.001 |
55–64 | 1.935 (1.518, 2.467) | <0.001 | 14.729 (9.450, 22.957) | <0.001 |
65–79 | 2.638 (1.952, 3.565) | <0.001 | 34.613 (21.475, 55.790) | <0.001 |
Gender (Male/Female) | 3.085 (2.711, 3.510) | <0.001 | 2.383 (2.073, 2.739) | <0.001 |
Location (Urban/Rural) | 0.828 (0.738, 0.929) | 0.001 | 0.886 (0.777, 1.010) | 0.070 |
Drinking (Yes/No) | 1.175 (1.022, 1.351) | 0.024 | 1.629 (1.389, 1.910) | <0.001 |
Fruit 2:≥2times/week | – | – | 0.780 (0.683, 0.890) | <0.001 |
Egg 2:≥2times/week | 1.188 (1.057, 1.334) | 0.004 | – | – |
Family history (Yes/No) | – | – | 1.604 (1.407, 1.829) | <0.001 |
BMI | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Normal | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Overweight | 1.665 (1.428, 1.919) | <0.001 | 2.676 (2.295, 3.121) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 2.960 (2.045, 4.285) | <0.001 | 5.716 (3.983, 8.203) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (Yes/No) | 1.228 (1.031, 1.462) | 0.021 | 1.537 (1.299, 1.818) | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia (Yes/No) | 1.301 (1.133, 1.493) | <0.001 | 2.015 (1.748, 2.324) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia (Yes/No) | 1.261 (1.110, 1.432) | <0.001 | 1.377 (1.198, 1.582) | <0.001 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yang, G.; Ma, Y.; Wang, S.; Su, Y.; Rao, W.; Fu, Y.; Yu, Y.; Kou, C. Prevalence and Correlates of Prehypertension and Hypertension among Adults in Northeastern China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010082
Yang G, Ma Y, Wang S, Su Y, Rao W, Fu Y, Yu Y, Kou C. Prevalence and Correlates of Prehypertension and Hypertension among Adults in Northeastern China: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010082
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Guang, Yue Ma, Shibin Wang, Yingying Su, Wenwang Rao, Yingli Fu, Yaqin Yu, and Changgui Kou. 2016. "Prevalence and Correlates of Prehypertension and Hypertension among Adults in Northeastern China: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010082