Prevalence of Polyherbacy in Ambulatory Visits to Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinics in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Number of CHM | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ≧10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | 1713 | 4906 | 7883 | 9832 | 10594 | 9336 | 6608 | 3960 | 2182 | 2776 |
Percentage | 2.9 | 8.2 | 13.2 | 16.4 | 17.7 | 15.6 | 11.1 | 6.6 | 3.7 | 4.6 |
Cum. Percentage | 2.9 | 11.1 | 24.3 | 40.7 | 58.4 | 74 | 85.1 | 91.7 | 95.4 | 100 |
No. of CH | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ≧8 | |
Count | 11259 | 6733 | 9908 | 9980 | 8194 | 5642 | 3525 | 1875 | 2674 | |
Percentage | 18.8 | 11.3 | 16.6 | 16.7 | 13.7 | 9.4 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 3.5 | |
Cum. Percentage | 18.8 | 30.1 | 46.7 | 63.4 | 77.1 | 86.5 | 92.4 | 95.5 | 100 | |
No. of HF | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ≧6 | |||
Count | 2261 | 12294 | 22347 | 15693 | 5251 | 1381 | 563 | |||
Percentage | 3.8 | 20.6 | 37.4 | 26.3 | 8.8 | 2.3 | 0.9 | |||
Cum. Percentage | 3.8 | 24.3 | 61.7 | 88.0 | 96.8 | 99.1 | 100 |
Chinese Name | Single Chinese Herb | Generic Name | Number of Prescription | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 延胡索 | Yan-hu-suo | Rhizoma Corydalis | 3539 | 5.9% |
2 | 大黃 | Da-huang | Radix et Rhizoma Rhei | 3469 | 5.8% |
3 | 桔梗 | Jie-geng | Radix Platycodi | 3209 | 5.4% |
4 | 黃芩 | Huang-qin | Radix Scutellariae | 3047 | 5.1% |
5 | 甘草 | Gan-cao | Radix Glycyrrhizae | 2974 | 5.0% |
6 | 貝母 | Bei-mu | Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii | 2884 | 4.8% |
7 | 丹參 | Dan-shen | Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae | 2541 | 4.3% |
8 | 白芷 | Bai-zhi | Radix Angelicae Dahuricae | 2445 | 4.1% |
9 | 葛根 | Ge-gen | Radix Puerariae | 2435 | 4.1% |
10 | 黃耆 | Huang-qi | Radix Astragali seu Hedysari | 1963 | 3.3% |
11 | 厚朴 | Hou-pu | Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis | 1927 | 3.2% |
12 | 杏仁 | Xing-ren | Semen Armeniacae Amarum | 1919 | 3.2% |
13 | 香附 | Xiang-fu | Rhizoma Cyperi | 1899 | 3.2% |
14 | 麥門冬 | Mai-men-dong | Radix Ophiopogonis | 1879 | 3.1% |
15 | 玄參 | Xuan-shen | Radix Scrophulariae | 1794 | 3.0% |
16 | 連翹 | Lian-qiao | Fructus Forsythiae | 1776 | 3.0% |
17 | 海螵蛸 | Hai-piao-xiao | Endoconcha Sepiae | 1753 | 2.9% |
18 | 魚腥草 | Yu-xing-cao | Herba Houttuyniae | 1753 | 2.9% |
19 | 杜仲 | Du-zhong | Cortex Eucommiae | 1630 | 2.7% |
20 | 夜交藤 | Ye-jiao-teng | Caulis Polygoni Multiflori | 1627 | 2.7% |
Chinese Herbal Formulas (Chinese Name) | Number of Ingredient | Classification and Therapeutic effect | Number of Prescription (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san | 10 | Harmonizing liver and spleen It may relieve symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, insomnia, and depression due to life stress, premenstrual tension, or postmenopausal syndrome. | 4679 | 7.8 |
2 | Ge-geng-tang | 7 | Relieving superficial syndrome It may relieve symptoms of common cold and headache caused by external wind and cold. | 2989 | 5.0 |
3 | Xin-yi-qing-fei-tang | 9 | Relieving superficial syndrome It may relieve symptoms of chronic rhinitis, nasal congestion, or chronic cough caused by lung heat, and disseminate Lung Qi. | 2976 | 5.0 |
4 | Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang | 17 | Regulating blood (improve blood circulation) It may relieve symptoms of arthritis, numbness, gout, sciatica, and lumbago via relaxing the channels and invigorating the blood decoction. | 2686 | 4.5 |
5 | Ban-xia-xie-xin-tang | 7 | Harmonizing stomach and spleen It may relieve symptoms of gastroenteritis, hepatitis, ulcer, cholecystitis, liver cirrhosis, coronary artery disease, and chronic fatigue caused by disharmony between the stomach and intestines. | 2584 | 4.3 |
6 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang | 2 | Formulas for harmonizing It may relieve symptoms of sciatica, toothache, trigeminal neuralgia, and hernia pain caused by disharmony between the liver and spleen. | 2518 | 4.2 |
7 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san | 8 | Expelling external wind It may relieve headache and stuffy nose due to wind attack via dispelling wind. | 2427 | 4.1 |
8 | Ping-wei-san | 6 | Eliminating dampness It may relieve symptoms of gastroenteritis, intestinal obstruction, coronary artery disease, and peptic ulcer. | 2409 | 4.0 |
9 | Yin-qiao-san | 10 | Relieving superficial syndrome with pungent and cool It may relieve symptoms of common cold, influenza, sinusitus, and herpes simplex. | 2405 | 4.0 |
10 | Xiao-qing-long-tang | 7 | Relieving superficial syndrome with pungency and warmth It may relieve symptoms of bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, and sinusitis. | 2236 | 3.7 |
11 | Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang | 4 | Relieving superficial syndrome with pungency and cold It may relieve symptoms of acute tracheitis, lobar pneumonia, fever, and bronchial asthma caused by lung heat, and disseminate Lung Qi. | 2220 | 3.7 |
12 | Ma-zi-ren-wan | 6 | Purging with moistening/lubricating herbs It may relieve symptoms of constipation, hemorrhoids, chronic colitis, and gastritis. | 2080 | 3.5 |
13 | Xin-yi-san | 9 | Relieving superficial syndrome It may relieve symptoms of nasal polyps, sinus congestion, the common cold, and allergic rhinitis. | 2042 | 3.4 |
14 | Xiao-chai-hu-tang | 7 | Harmonizing Shao–yang It may relieve symptoms of influenza, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchial asthma, and gastritis. | 2035 | 3.4 |
15 | Cang-er-san | 4 | Expelling external Wind It may relieve symptoms of acute and chronic rhinitis, acute and chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis. | 1911 | 3.2 |
16 | Gan-lu-yin | 10 | Treating dryness diseases It may relieve symptoms of blepharitis, gingivitis, conjunctivitis, and jaundice. | 1908 | 3.2 |
17 | Xiang-sha-liu-jun-zi-tang | 10 | Improving digestion It may relieve symptoms of indigestion, gastritis, bronchitis, and ulcers. | 1874 | 3.1 |
18 | Suan-zao-ren-tang | 5 | Tranquilizing the mind with nourishing It may relieve symptoms of insomnia, nightmares, amnesia, and premenopause syndrome. | 1746 | 2.9 |
19 | long-dan-xie-gan-tang | 9 | Clearing heat in the Zang-fu (organ network) It may relieve symptoms of psoriasis, migraine, eczema, and eye problems. | 1649 | 2.8 |
20 | Liu-wei-di-huang-wan | 6 | Tonifying (Yin tonic) It may relieve symptoms of menopause, hypertension, Addison’s disease, and coronary heart disease. | 1629 | 2.7 |
Drug Type | Classification of Formulas | Number of Prescription | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
發表之劑 | Formulas for relieving superficial syndrome These formulas treat disharmonies in the superficial portion of the body through the actions of inducing sweating, releasing muscles, or promoting elimination. The indications of these include dislike of cold, fever, headache, pain in the body, and headache. | 14,080 | 23.6 |
和解之劑 | Formulas for harmonizing These formulas are useful for a range of psychological or emotion-related imbalance conditions. The indications of these formulas include bronchitis, hepatitis, hypertension, anxiety, depression, dysmenorrhea, and more along with a range of digestive problems. | 12,919 | 21.6 |
補養之劑 | Formulas for tonifying These formulas enrich, nourish, or replenish the qi, blood, yin, and yang of the body when they are deficient or weak. The indications of these formulas range include pale face, weak voice, shortness of breath and fatigue, poor appetite and energy, senile lower energy or lower energy after sickness, cold limbs, impotence, loose stool, urinary incontinence, and infertility. | 12,202 | 20.4 |
清熱瀉火劑 | Formulas for clearing heat These formulas treat various heat syndromes through the actions of clearing away heat, draining fire, cooling blood, eliminating the toxicity, and nourishing the body. Typical heat signs include high fever, profuse sweating, a surging pulse, excessive thirst, bleeding, and constipation. The formulas are often used for relatively short periods with somewhat acute conditions. | 12,113 | 20.3 |
表裡之劑 | Formulas for relieving interior/exterior These formulas mediate or regulate the physiological functions needed so as to achieve a new balanced condition. They are usually used in Shao Yang diseases, disharmonies between the liver and spleen, and gastrointestinal problems. | 8378 | 14.0 |
理血之劑 | Formulas for regulating blood This category of formulas treats disorders related to blood flow and involves relieving blood stasis and arresting bleeding. The indications of these formulas includes bleeding problems like epistaxis, bloody stools, hematuria, hypermenorrhea, and blood stasis-related symptoms such as purplish tongue with blood spots. | 8327 | 13.9 |
潤燥之劑 | Formulas for treating dryness diseases These formulas treat fluid loss symptoms such as dry, wrinkled, or withered skin, dry hair and scalp, dry mouth and cracked lips, and dry and hard stools. | 7718 | 12.9 |
袪痰之劑 | Formulas for eliminating phlegm These formulas aim at improving the functions of the spleen, kidneys, lungs, and liver so as to prevent transformation of internal phlegm. They are useful for a range of disorders, such as coughing, wheezing, nausea, dizziness or vertigo, nodules or lumps, and seizures. | 6999 | 11.7 |
消導之劑 | Formulas for improving digestion These formulas promote digestion and remove food retention. They relieve indigestion caused by overconsumption of meat and greasy foods. | 6335 | 10.6 |
袪風之劑 | Formulas for treating wind-related diseases Wind evil is considered a yang pathogen and it has influential effects. These formulas relieve wind-related liver and kidney dysfunctions, such as dizziness, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, loss of muscle tone, slurred speech, and sudden loss of consciousness, facial distortion, and paralysis. | 5688 | 9.5 |
安神之劑 | Formulas for tranquilization These formulas relieve mental tension and uneasiness and are similar to tranquilizers in Western medicine. The indications of these formulas include anxiety, forgetfulness, disorientation and insomnia, manic behavior, bad temper, and agitation. | 5677 | 9.5 |
利濕之劑 | Formulas for eliminating dampness Disturbances in water metabolism can lead to dampness disorders that cause edema, urinary difficulty, tiredness, heavy limbs, stiffness and pain in the joints, and respiratory symptoms. These formulas dispel dampness through drying, excreting, facilitating urination, and purgation. | 4440 | 7.4 |
袪寒之劑 | Formulas for warming the interior These formulas warm the interior and unblock the meridians to eliminate cold substances inside the body. The indications of these formulas include chills, fatigue, gastric discomfort, increased urine output, loose bowels, and cold extremities. | 3340 | 5.6 |
經產之劑 | Formulas for women’s diseases These formulas are indicated for problems in pregnant women and breast-feeding women. | 3018 | 5.1 |
理氣之劑 | Formulas for regulating Qi Qi stagnation is characterized by fullness, pain that is accompanied by a distended sensation, and a preference for belching or breaking wind. These formulas are usually for treating problems like vomiting, hiccups, belching, and some forms of coughing or wheezing. | 2621 | 4.4 |
攻裡之劑 | Formulas for purgation These formulas break down interior accumulations through vigorous evacuation of the bowels. They are used as laxatives for relieving intestinal stagnancy and removing heat, fire, toxins, and all retained fluids. | 2246 | 3.8 |
清暑之劑 | Formulas for clearing heat in Qi portion/level Clears Qi-level heat, drains stomach fire, generates fluids, and relieves thirst. | 2172 | 3.6 |
癰瘍之劑 | Formulas for abscess These formulas can treat all types of boils and carbuncles with localized erythema, swelling, heat and pain with fever chills, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse. | 2155 | 3.6 |
收濇之劑 | Formulas for astringency These formulas prevent abnormal discharge or leakage of fluids and other substances from the body, such as sweat, sputum, blood, urine, stool, sperm, and vaginal discharges. | 1051 | 1.8 |
Chinese Herbal Formulas (Chinese Name) | Number of Ingredients | Number of Prescriptions (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang + Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang | 19 | 529 | 0.88 |
2 | Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang + Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang | 32 | 388 | 0.65 |
3 | Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san + Suan-zao-ren-tang | 15 | 373 | 0.62 |
4 | Xiao-qing-long-tang + Xin-yi-san | 16 | 366 | 0.61 |
5 | Ban-xia-xie-xin-tang + Ping-wei-san | 13 | 335 | 0.56 |
6 | Xin-yi-qing-fei-tang + Yin-qiao-san | 19 | 329 | 0.55 |
7 | Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang + Yin-qiao-san | 14 | 327 | 0.55 |
8 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Ge-geng-tang | 15 | 324 | 0.54 |
9 | Xin-yi-qing-fei-tang + Cang-er-san | 13 | 284 | 0.47 |
10 | Xin-yi-qing-fei-tang + Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang | 13 | 268 | 0.45 |
11 | Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san + Gan-mai-da-zao-tang | 13 | 254 | 0.42 |
12 | Xiao-qing-long-tang + Xin-yi-qing-fei-tang | 16 | 246 | 0.41 |
13 | Ban-xia-xie-xin-tang + An-zhong-san | 14 | 227 | 0.38 |
14 | Tian-wang-bu-xin-dan + Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san | 23 | 222 | 0.37 |
15 | Tian-wang-bu-xin-dan + Suan-zao-ren-tang | 18 | 214 | 0.36 |
16 | Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang + Dang-gui-nian-tong-tang | 31 | 211 | 0.35 |
17 | Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san + Dang-gui-shao-yao-san | 16 | 209 | 0.35 |
18 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang + Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang | 17 | 208 | 0.35 |
19 | Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang + Cang-er-san | 8 | 206 | 0.34 |
20 | Xiao-qing-long-tang + Cang-er-san | 11 | 204 | 0.34 |
Chinese Herbal Formulas (Chinese Name) | Number of Ingredients | Number of Prescriptions (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang + Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang + Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang | 34 | 62 | 0.10 | |
2 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Gan-lu-yin + Xing-su-yin | 29 | 57 | 0.10 | |
3 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Liu-he-tang + Gan-lu-yin | 31 | 56 | 0.09 | |
4 | Xin-yi-qing-fei-tang + Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang + Yin-qiao-san | 23 | 49 | 0.08 | |
5 | Ba-zheng-san + Wu-lin-san + Di-dang-tang | 17 | 47 | 0.08 | |
6 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang + Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang + Dang-gui-nian-tong-tang | 33 | 45 | 0.08 | |
7 | Xiao-qing-long-tang + Xin-yi-san + Xiang-sha-liu-jun-zi-tang | 26 | 44 | 0.07 | |
8 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Gan-lu-yin + Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang | 35 | 43 | 0.07 | |
9 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Gan-lu-yin + Xin-yi-san | 27 | 41 | 0.07 | |
10 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Gan-lu-yin + Sheng-mai-yin | 21 | 38 | 0.06 | |
11 | Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san + Gan-mai-da-zao-tang + Suan-zao-ren-tang | 18 | 38 | 0.06 | |
12 | Chuan-xiong-cha-tiao-san + Xing-su-yin + Xin-yi-san | 28 | 37 | 0.06 | |
13 | Gan-lu-yin + Xing-su-yin + Xin-yi-san | 30 | 37 | 0.06 | |
14 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang + Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang + Ge-geng-tang | 26 | 37 | 0.06 | |
15 | Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang + Cang-er-san + Yin-qiao-san | 18 | 36 | 0.06 | |
16 | Tian-wang-bu-xin-dan + Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san + Suan-zao-ren-tang | 28 | 36 | 0.06 | |
17 | Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang + Dang-gui-nian-tong-tang + Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang | 46 | 33 | 0.06 | |
18 | Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san + Chai-hu-jia-long-gu-mu-li-tang + Suan-zao-ren-tang | 27 | 32 | 0.05 | |
19 | Tian-wang-bu-xin-dan + Chai-hu-jia-long-gu-mu-li-tang + Suan-zao-ren-tang | 30 | 32 | 0.05 | |
20 | Shao-yao-gan-cao-tang + Shen-tong-zhu-yu-tang + Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang | 31 | 31 | 0.05 |
Patient Characteristics | Patients No. (%) of | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All Visits (n = 59,790) | Drug Items ≤5 (n = 34,928, 58.4%) | Drug Items >5 (n = 24,862, 41.6%) | ||
Sex | p < 0.001 | |||
Male | 21,869 (36.6) | 13,027 (59.6) | 8842 (40.4) | |
Female | 37,921 (63.4) | 21,901 (57.8) | 16,020 (42.3) | |
Age (years) | p < 0.001 | |||
<20 | 8899 (14.9) | 5382 (60.5) | 3517 (39.5) | |
20–34 | 14,088 (23.6) | 8190 (58.1) | 5898 (41.9) | |
35–49 | 17,358 (29.0) | 9838 (56.7) | 7520 (43.3) | |
50–64 | 12,838 (21.5) | 7617 (59.3) | 5221 (40.7) | |
≥60 | 6607 (11.0) | 3901 (59.0) | 2706 (41.0) | |
Drug prescription day | p < 0.001 | |||
<7 | 26,639 (44.6) | 16,205 (60.8) | 10,434 (39.1) | |
≥7 | 33,151 (55.4) | 18,723 (56.5) | 14,428 (43.5) | |
Diagnostic Grouping (according to ICD-9-CM) | ||||
Ch01 | Infectious and Parasitic Diseases | 250 ( 0.4) | 155 (62.0) | 95 (38.0) |
Ch02 | Neoplasms | 464 ( 0.8) | 195 (42.0) | 269 (58.0) |
Ch03 | Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic Diseases | 998 ( 1.7) | 539 (54.0) | 459 (46.0) |
Ch05 | Mental Disorders | 552 ( 0.9) | 333 (60.3) | 219 (39.7) |
Ch06 | Nervous System and Sense Organs | 1905 ( 3.2) | 1100 (57.7) | 805 (42.3) |
Ch07 | Circulatory System | 1274 ( 2.1) | 690 (54.2) | 584 (45.8) |
Ch08 | Respiratory System | 12,889 (21.6) | 7495 (58.2) | 5394 (41.9) |
Ch09 | Digestive System | 9076 (15.2) | 5351 (59.0) | 3725 (41.0) |
Ch10 | Genitourinary System | 6068 (10.1) | 3352 (55.2) | 2716 (44.8) |
Ch12 | Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue | 3212 ( 5.4) | 1737 (54.1) | 1475 (45.9) |
Ch13 | Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue | 5229 ( 8.7) | 3425 (65.5) | 1804 (34.5) |
Ch16 | Symptoms, Signs and Ill-defined | 15,369 (25.7) | 8915 (58.0) | 6454 (42.0) |
Ch17 | Injury and Poisoning | 2136 ( 3.6) | 1453 (68.0) | 683 (32.0) |
The Others | 368 ( 0.6) | 188 (51.1) | 180 (48.9) |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Sex | ||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.010 |
Age (years) | ||||
<20 | 1 | 1 | ||
20–34 | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | <0.001 |
35–49 | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | <0.001 |
50–64 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.090 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.009 |
≧60 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.071 | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.011 |
drug/day | ||||
<7 | 1 | 1 | ||
≧7 | 1.67 (1.57–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.57–1.78) | <0.001 |
Diagnosis | ||||
Ch. 13 | 1 | 1 | ||
Ch. 1 | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 0.256 | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | 0.190 |
Ch. 2 | 2.62 (2.16–3.18) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.81–2.67) | <0.001 |
Ch. 3 | 1.62 (1.41–1.85) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.23–1.62) | <0.001 |
Ch. 5 | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) | 0.016 | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 0.152 |
Ch. 6 | 1.39 (1.25–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.17–1.46) | <0.001 |
Ch. 7 | 1.61 (1.42–1.82) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.23–1.59) | <0.001 |
Ch. 8 | 1.37 (1.28–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.31–1.50) | <0.001 |
Ch. 9 | 1.32 (1.23–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.23–1.42) | <0.001 |
Ch. 10 | 1.54 (1.43–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.40–1.64) | <0.001 |
Ch. 12 | 1.61 (1.47–1.76) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.50–1.80) | <0.001 |
Ch. 16 | 1.37 (1.29–1.47) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.34–1.53) | <0.001 |
Ch. 17 | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.038 | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.057 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TCM | traditional Chinese medicine |
CHM | Chinese herbal medicine |
CH | Chinese herb |
HF | Herbal formula |
CAM | complementary and alternative medicine |
NHI | National Health Insurance |
NHIRD | National Health Insurance Research Database |
BNHI | Bureau of National Health Insurance |
ICD-9-CM | International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification |
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Lin, M.-H.; Chang, H.-T.; Tu, C.-Y.; Chen, T.-J.; Hwang, S.-J. Prevalence of Polyherbacy in Ambulatory Visits to Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinics in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9639-9657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809639
Lin M-H, Chang H-T, Tu C-Y, Chen T-J, Hwang S-J. Prevalence of Polyherbacy in Ambulatory Visits to Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinics in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):9639-9657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809639
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Ming-Hwai, Hsiao-Ting Chang, Chun-Yi Tu, Tzeng-Ji Chen, and Shinn-Jang Hwang. 2015. "Prevalence of Polyherbacy in Ambulatory Visits to Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinics in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 9639-9657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809639