Effects of Individual and School-Level Characteristics on a Child’s Gross Motor Coordination Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Anthropometry
2.3. Gestational Information
2.4. Physical Activity
2.5. Physical Fitness
2.6. Gross Motor Coordination
2.7. School Environment
2.8. Data Quality Control
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Student Level (n = 390) | Girls Mean ± SD | Boys Mean ± SD | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 8.61 ± 1.28 | 8.37 ± 1.26 | −1.83 | 0.07 |
Anthropometry | ||||
Height (cm) | 131.48 ± 8.52 | 131.24 ± 8.74 | 2.79 | 0.78 |
Body mass (kg) | 31.98 ± 7.91 | 31.26 ± 7.77 | 0.90 | 0.37 |
Birth weight (g) | 3270.2 ± 453.63 | 3386.0 ± 474.14 | −2.16 | 0.03 |
Body composition | ||||
BF (kg) | 8.16 ± 3.43 | 6.80 ± 3.59 | 3.82 | <0.01 |
Physical Activity | ||||
TPA (METs/week) | 104.09 ± 47.76 | 112.55 ± 51.30 | −1.68 | 0.09 |
Motor coordination | ||||
WB (points) | 40.54 ± 14.92 | 37.57 ± 15.78 | 1.82 | 0.07 |
HH (points) | 14.92 ± 8.22 | 18.24 ± 9.79 | −3.59 | <0.01 |
JS (points) | 42.35 ± 14.14 | 41.33 ± 12.59 | 0.75 | 0.46 |
MS (points) | 34.14 ± 6.96 | 36.12 ± 7.37 | −2.70 | <0.01 |
TGMC (points) | 131.30 ± 34.02 | 133.86 ± 33.76 | −0.71 | 0.48 |
Physical Fitness | ||||
1-mile run (min) | 11.47 ± 1.88 | 10.10 ± 2.32 | 6.05 | <0.01 |
Standing broad jump (cm) | 111.60 ± 20.32 | 121.00 ± 20.79 | 4.49 | <0.01 |
Handgrip (kg) | 13.32 ± 3.98 | 14.28 ± 3.84 | 2.41 | 0.02 |
Shuttle-run (s) | 13.25 ± 1.50 | 12.65 ± 1.44 | −3.94 | <0.01 |
50 yard-dash (s) | 9.83 ± 1.17 | 9.32 ± 1.18 | −4.10 | <0.01 |
School Level (n =18) | Mean ± SD | Min-Max |
---|---|---|
School size (n of students) | 25.67 ± 22.03 | 7–86 |
n (%) | ||
School setting | Rural | 17 (94.4) |
1 (5.6) | ||
Playground area | With playing facilities | 16 (88.9) |
Other infrastructure | Having a sport center | 2 (11.1) |
17 (94.4) | ||
3 (16.7) | ||
Frequency of PE class | 2 times per week | 18 (100) |
Time of PE class | ≤45 min | 18 (100) |
Qualification of PE responsible | Graduated in PE | 18 (100) |
Sum of Gross Motor Coordination Score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Null Model (M0) | Model I (M1) | Model II (M2) | Model III (M3) |
Regression coefficients (fixed effects) | ||||
Intercept | 131.67 (3.11) *** | 130.86 (3.08) *** | 140.78 (2.90) *** | 144.81 (8.73) *** |
Age | 12.43 (1.28) *** | 3.42 (1.853) * | 2.51 (1.59) | |
Sex | 3.98 (3.14) | −13.48 (3.19) *** | −15.880 (2.80) *** | |
Birth weight | −2.10 (3.25) | |||
BF | −1.23 (0.48) *** | −1.47 (0.42) *** | ||
TPA | −0.03 (0.03) | |||
PFS | 5.82 (0.63) *** | 6.45 (0.56) *** | ||
School size | −0.39 (0.11) *** | |||
Type of playground area | 4.18 (6.05) | |||
Having a sport center | 4.34 (5.83) | |||
With non-paved outdoor ground | −5.69 (6.88) | |||
With paved sport ground | 14.27 (6.73) ** | |||
Variance Components (random effects) | ||||
School mean | 101.60 (56.55) | 67.41 (40.01) | 52.51 (31.56) | 17.06 (16.14) |
Children level effect | 1058.86 (82.17) | 837.81 (65.00) | 482.73 (45.20) | 506.08 (41.76) |
Model summary | ||||
Deviance | 3436.45 *** | 3352.95 *** | 2222.42 *** | 2806.75 *** |
Number of parameters | 3 | 5 | 9 | 12 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tomkinson, G.R.; Olds, T.S. Pediatric Fitness. Secular Trends And Geographical Variability; Karger: Basel, Switzerland, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Weiss, R.; Bremer, A.A.; Lustig, R.H. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2013, 1281, 123–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cattuzzo, M.T.; Dos Santos Henrique, R.; Re, A.H.; de Oliveira, I.S.; Melo, B.M.; de Sousa Moura, M.; de Araujo, R.C.; Stodden, D. Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Hondt, E.; Deforche, B.; Vaeyens, R.; Vandorpe, B.; Vandendriessche, J.; Pion, J.; Philippaerts, R.; de Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Lenoir, M. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 2011, 6, 556–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holfelder, B.; Schott, N. Relationship of fundamental movement skills and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2014, 15, 382–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lubans, D.R.; Morgan, P.J.; Cliff, D.P.; Barnett, L.M.; Okely, A.D. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: Review of associated health benefits. Sports Med. 2010, 40, 1019–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vandendriessche, J.B.; Vandorpe, B.; Coelho-e-Silva, M.J.; Vaeyens, R.; Lenoir, M.; Lefevre, J.; Philippaerts, R.M. Multivariate association among morphology, fitness, and motor coordination characteristics in boys age 7 to 11. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2011, 23, 504–520. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Vandendriessche, J.B.; Vandorpe, B.F.; Vaeyens, R.; Malina, R.M.; Lefevre, J.; Lenoir, M.; Philippaerts, R.M. Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among flemish children. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2012, 24, 113–128. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Gallahue, D.; Ozmun, J.; Goodway, J. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults; McGraw-Hill Education: São Paulo, Brazil, 2011; p. 544. [Google Scholar]
- Emck, C.; Bosscher, R.; Beek, P.; Doreleijers, T. Gross motor performance and self-perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioral, and pervasive developmental disorders: A review. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 2009, 51, 501–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stodden, D.; Langendorfer, S.; Roberton, M.A. The association between motor skill competence and physical fitness in young adults. Res. Quart. Exerc. Sport 2009, 80, 223–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnett, L.M.; van Beurden, E.; Morgan, P.J.; Brooks, L.O.; Beard, J.R. Gender differences in motor skill proficiency from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study. Res. Quart. Exerc. Sport 2010, 81, 162–170. [Google Scholar]
- Malina, R.M.; Bouchard, C.; Bar-Or, O. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2004; p. 712. [Google Scholar]
- Bouchard, C.; Malina, R.M.; Pérusse, L. Genetics of Fitness and Physical Performance; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1997; p. 408. [Google Scholar]
- Chaves, R.N.D.; Tani, G.; Souza, M.C.D.; Santos, D.; Maia, J. Variabilidade na coordenação motora: Uma abordagem centrada no delineamento gemelar. Rev. Bras. Educ. Fís. Esporte. 2012, 26, 301–311. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Keller, H.; Ayub, B.V.; Saigal, S.; Bar-Or, O. Neuromotor ability in 5- to 7-year-old children with very low or extremely low birthweight. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 1998, 40, 661–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morgan, P.J.; Barnett, L.M.; Cliff, D.P.; Okely, A.D.; Scott, H.A.; Cohen, K.E.; Lubans, D.R. Fundamental movement skill interventions in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr 2013, 132, 1361–1383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chaves, R.N.; Souza, M.C.; Santos, D.; Gomes, T.N.; Santos, F.K.; Maia, J. Cada. Vez Mais Ativo (ii). Uma história Com Muitas Voltas; FADE-UP: Porto, Portugal, 2012; p. 99. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Chaves, R.; Baxter-Jones, A.; Souza, M.; Santos, D.; Maia, J. Height, weight, body composition, and waist circumference references for 7–17 year old children from rural Portugal. J. Comp. Human Biol. 2015, 66, 264–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pietrobelli, A.; Rubiano, F.; St-Onge, M.P.; Heymsfield, S.B. New bioimpedance analysis system: Improved phenotyping with whole-body analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 58, 1479–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Godin, G.; Shephard, R.J. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can. J. Appl. Sport. Sci. 1985, 10, 141–146. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jacobs, D.R., Jr.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Hartman, T.J.; Leon, A.S. A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1993, 25, 81–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sallis, J.F.; Buono, M.J.; Roby, J.J.; Micale, F.G.; Nelson, J.A. Seven-day recall and other physical activity self-reports in children and adolescents. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1993, 25, 99–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, D.; Chaves, R.N.; Souza, M.C.; Seabra, A.; Garganta, R.; Maia, J. Passing rates on physical fitness. Effects of age, gender, physical activity, overweight and obesity. Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum. 2010, 12, 309–315. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martins, D.; Maia, J.; Seabra, A.; Garganta, R.; Lopes, V.; Katzmarzyk, P.; Beunen, G. Correlates of changes in bmi of children from the azores islands. Int. J. Obes. 2010, 34, 1487–1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Magalhães, L.; Maia, J.; Silva, R.; Seabra, A. Padrão de actividade física. Estudo em crianças de ambos os sexos do 4. ano de escolaridade. Rev. Port. Cien. Desp. 2002, 2, 47–57. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Freitas, D.; Marques, A.; Maia, J.A.R. Aptidão. Física. Da População. Escolar Da Região. Autónoma. Da Madeira; Universidade da Madeira: Funchal, Portugal, 1997. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Safrit, M. Introduction To Measurement In Physical Education And Exercise Science; Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing: St. Louis, MI, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Chaves, R.N.D.; Baxter-Jones, A.; Maia, J.A.R. Valores normativos do desempenho motor: construção de cartas percentílicas baseadas no método LMS de Cole & Green. Motricidade 2014, 10, 60–76. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Kiphard, E.J.; Schilling, F. Köperkoordinationtest. Für. Kinder; Beltz Test GmbH: Weinheim, Germany, 1974; p. 53. [Google Scholar]
- Lopes, V.P.; Rodrigues, L.P.; Maia, J.A.; Malina, R.M. Motor coordination as predictor of physical activity in childhood. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21, 663–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vandorpe, B.; Vandendriessche, J.; Lefevre, J.; Pion, J.; Vaeyens, R.; Matthys, S.; Philippaerts, R.; Lenoir, M. The korperkoordinationstest fur kinder: Reference values and suitability for 6–12-year-old children in flanders. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21, 378–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schilling, F. Sum of Raw Scores of Each KTK Test, Personal communication (E-mail to [email protected]). 24 March 2015. (In English)
- Raudenbush, S.W.; Bryk, A.S.; Congdon, R.T. HLM. 6: for Windows, Scientific Software International: Skokie, IL, USA, 2004.
- Hox, J.J. Multilevel analysis. In Techniques and Applications; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2010; p. 392. [Google Scholar]
- Raudenbush, S.W.; Bryk, A.S.; Cheong, Y.F.; Congdon, R.T.; du Toit, M. HLM. 6: Linear and Nonlinear Modeling, Scientific Software International: Lincolnwood, IL, USA, 2004.
- Graf, C.; Koch, B.; Kretschmann -Kandel, E.; Falkowski, G.; Christ, H.; Coburger, S.; Lehmacher, W.; Bjarnason-Wehrens, B.; Platen, P.; Tokarski, W.; et al. Correlation between bmi, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (chilt-project). Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2004, 28, 22–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wrotniak, B.H.; Epstein, L.H.; Dorn, J.M.; Jones, K.E.; Kondilis, V.A. The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children. Pediatric 2006, 118, 758–1765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rivilis, I.; Hay, J.; Cairney, J.; Klentrou, P.; Liu, J.; Faught, B.E. Physical activity and fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2011, 32, 894–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stodden, D.; Goodway, J.; Langendorfer, S.; Roberton, M.A.; Rudisill, M.; Garcia, C.; Garcia, L. A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest 2008, 60, 290–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Datar, A.; Jacknowitz, A. Birth weight effects on children's mental, motor, and physical development: Evidence from twins data. Matern. Child. Health J. 2009, 13, 780–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goyen, T.A.; Lui, K. Longitudinal motor development of “apparently normal” high-risk infants at 18 months, 3 and 5 years. Early Hum. Dev. 2002, 70, 103–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnett, L.M.; Morgan, P.J.; Van Beurden, E.; Ball, K.; Lubans, D.R. A reverse pathway? Actual and perceived skill proficiency and physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 898–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaakkola, T.; Washington, T. The relationship between fundamental movement skills and self-reported physical activity during finnish junior high school. Phys. Edu. Sport Pedagog. 2012, 18, 492–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barnett, L.M.; van Beurden, E.; Morgan, P.J.; Brooks, L.O.; Beard, J.R. Childhood motor skill proficiency as a predictor of adolescent physical activity. J. Adolesc. Health 2009, 44, 252–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cliff, D.P.; Okely, A.D.; Smith, L.M.; McKeen, K. Relationships between fundamental movement skills and objectively measured physical activity in preschool children. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2009, 21, 436–449. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Chillón, P.; Ortega, F.B.; Ferrando, J.A.; Casajus, J.A. Physical fitness in rural and urban children and adolescents from Spain. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2011, 14, 417–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barbour, A.C. The impact of playground design on the play behaviors of children with differing levels of physical competence. Early Child. Res. Qurt. 1999, 14, 75–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saccani, R.; Valentini, N.C.; Pereira, K.R.; Muller, A.B.; Gabbard, C. Associations of biological factors and affordances in the home with infant motor development. Pediatr. Int. 2013, 55, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maas, C.J.M.; Hox, J.J. Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. Methodology 2005, 1, 86–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnett, L.; Hinkley, T.; Okely, A.D.; Salmon, J. Child, family and environmental correlates of children's motor skill proficiency. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2013, 16, 332–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cools, W.; De Martelaer, K.; Samaey, C.; Andries, C. Fundamental movement skill performance of preschool children in relation to family context. J. Sports. Sci. 2011, 29, 649–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chaves, R.; Baxter-Jones, A.; Gomes, T.; Souza, M.; Pereira, S.; Maia, J. Effects of Individual and School-Level Characteristics on a Child’s Gross Motor Coordination Development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 8883-8896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120808883
Chaves R, Baxter-Jones A, Gomes T, Souza M, Pereira S, Maia J. Effects of Individual and School-Level Characteristics on a Child’s Gross Motor Coordination Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):8883-8896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120808883
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaves, Raquel, Adam Baxter-Jones, Thayse Gomes, Michele Souza, Sara Pereira, and José Maia. 2015. "Effects of Individual and School-Level Characteristics on a Child’s Gross Motor Coordination Development" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 8883-8896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120808883