The Gold Standard Program for Smoking Cessation is Effective for Participants Over 60 Years of Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Material
2.4. Intervention
Setting: | Hospitals and Pharmacies. County or Municipality. |
---|---|
Living Region: | Capital of Copenhagen, Zealand, Southern Denmark, Central Denmark, North Denmark. |
Payment modality: | No free medication, free medication for a few days, free medication for <5 weeks or 5 weeks medication free of charge. |
Smoking cessation program: | Individual or group based. |
Age: | At entering program. |
Amount smoked per day: | Cigarettes, pipes, cigars, others smoked per day. |
Pack-years: | (Cigarettes per day × years of smoking)/20. |
Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence 0–10 points: | 0 point = No dependence. 1–2 point = Low dependence. 3–4 point = Low to moderate dependence. 5–6 point = Moderate dependence. 7–10 point = High dependence. |
Quit attempts: | Number of prior attempts to quit. |
Living status (socially): | Living with adult (>18 years), smoker, children. |
Compliant or Non-Compliant with program: | Defined as attending >75% of meetings vs. <75% |
Way of recommendation: | Self-referred or referred by health-professional. |
Occupational position: | Working, disability, pensioner, retired, unemployed, student, other. |
Level of education: | Primary school, high school, skilled craftsman, short, medium or longer higher education, other. |
Living status (housing): | Home ownership, rental, other. |
Smoking status at end of program: | Abstinent, continuous smoker, unknown status. |
2.5. Outcome
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Variables | Elderly: 60–82 Years. | Young: 15–59 Years. | All: 15–82 Years. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | All N = 7369 (%) | Responders N = 5919 (%) | N | All N = 24,294 (%) | Responders N = 17,801 (%) | N | All N = 31,663 (%) | Responders N = 23,720 (%) | |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 3138 | 31 | 38 | 9415 | 26 | 36 | 12,553 | 27 | 37 |
Female | 4231 | 29 | 36 | 14,879 | 24 | 33 | 19,110 | 25 | 34 |
Setting | |||||||||
Hospital | 764 | 29 | 36 | 2321 | 25 | 35 | 3085 | 26 | 35 |
Other | 6605 | 29 | 37 | 21,973 | 25 | 34 | 28,578 | 26 | 36 |
Program | |||||||||
Individual | 1116 | 31 | 41 | 3129 | 27 | 39 | 4245 | 28 | 39 |
Group | 6178 | 29 | 36 | 20,833 | 24 | 33 | 27,011 | 25 | 34 |
Smoking | |||||||||
0-20 pack- years | 1,001 | 34 | 42 | 10,027 | 25 | 36 | 11,028 | 26 | 36 |
>20 pack-years | 6,026 | 28 | 36 | 13,281 | 25 | 33 | 19,307 | 26 | 34 |
Fagerström 1–4 | 2951 | 32 | 39 | 7940 | 29 | 38 | 10,891 | 29 | 39 |
Fagerström 5–10 | 4193 | 27 | 34 | 15,580 | 22 | 31 | 19,773 | 23 | 32 |
0-9 cig. per day. | 884 | 34 | 43 | 1942 | 33 | 44 | 2826 | 33 | 44 |
10–19 | 2,508 | 32 | 39 | 8650 | 26 | 36 | 11,158 | 28 | 37 |
20–29 | 2809 | 28 | 35 | 10,196 | 23 | 32 | 13,005 | 24 | 33 |
30–39 | 781 | 26 | 32 | 2356 | 21 | 29 | 3131 | 22 | 30 |
+40 | 387 | 24 | 31 | 1156 | 20 | 28 | 1543 | 21 | 29 |
Heavy smoker * | |||||||||
Yes | 6157 | 28 | 36 | 16,893 | 24 | 32 | 23,050 | 25 | 39 |
No | 1212 | 34 | 43 | 7401 | 28 | 38 | 8613 | 29 | 33 |
Region | |||||||||
Capital | 2698 | 28 | 35 | 9050 | 24 | 33 | 11,748 | 25 | 37 |
Northern | 371 | 30 | 40 | 1145 | 26 | 36 | 1516 | 26 | 37 |
Middle | 1610 | 29 | 37 | 5496 | 24 | 34 | 7106 | 25 | 35 |
Southern | 1448 | 32 | 38 | 5212 | 26 | 35 | 6660 | 28 | 36 |
Sealand | 1242 | 30 | 38 | 3391 | 25 | 34 | 4633 | 27 | 35 |
Living with adult | |||||||||
Yes | 3063 | 33 | 40 | 14,389 | 26 | 36 | 17,452 | 28 | 37 |
No | 4238 | 27 | 34 | 9631 | 22 | 31 | 13,869 | 24 | 32 |
Living with smoker | |||||||||
Yes | 1932 | 30 | 36 | 8785 | 23 | 32 | 10,717 | 25 | 33 |
No | 5382 | 29 | 37 | 15,322 | 26 | 35 | 20,704 | 27 | 36 |
Professional recommend | |||||||||
Yes | 2035 | 32 | 41 | 10,083 | 27 | 36 | 12,118 | 28 | 37 |
No | 5334 | 28 | 35 | 14,211 | 24 | 32 | 19,545 | 25 | 33 |
Compliant with program | |||||||||
Yes | 5157 | 36 | 43 | 14,061 | 33 | 43 | 19,218 | 34 | 43 |
No | 2212 | 14 | 19 | 10,233 | 13 | 19 | 12,445 | 13 | 19 |
Employed | |||||||||
Yes | 1267 | 31 | 40 | 17,335 | 27 | 36 | 18,602 | 27 | 36 |
No | 5941 | 29 | 36 | 6321 | 20 | 29 | 12,262 | 24 | 33 |
Attempts to quit | |||||||||
No previous attempts | 3025 | 29 | 37 | 9310 | 24 | 33 | 12,335 | 25 | 34 |
Previous attempts | 4124 | 30 | 37 | 14,591 | 26 | 35 | 18,715 | 27 | 35 |
Abstinent at end of program | |||||||||
Yes | 4120 | 48 | 57 | 11462 | 43 | 54 | 15582 | 44 | 55 |
No | 2145 | 5 | 7 | 6380 | 4 | 7 | 8525 | 5 | 7 |
4. Discussion
Variables: | N = 7369 | Univariate OR (CI) | Multivariate OR (CI) | Final adjusted OR (CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender: | Female | 4231 | 1 | 1 | -- |
Male | 3138 | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 1.00 (0.88–1.35) | ||
Working: | No | 5941 | 1 | 1 | -- |
Yes | 1267 | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | ||
Living with adult: | No | 4238 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3063 | 1.25 (1.18–1.33)* | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) * | 1.10 (1.00–1.23)* | |
Setting: | Hospital | 764 | 1 | 1 | -- |
Other | 6605 | 1.00 (0.85–1.15) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | ||
Program: | Group based | 6178 | 1 | 1 | -- |
Individual | 1116 | 1.10 (1.05–1.26)* | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | ||
Heavy smoker** | No | 1212 | 1 | 1 | -- |
Yes | 6157 | 0.80 (0.71–0.91)* | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | ||
Professional recommendation: | No | 5334 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 2035 | 1.23 (1.10–1.37)* | 1.11 (0.98–1.28) | 1.12 (1.00–1.26)* | |
Compliant with program: | No | 2212 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 5157 | 3.56 (3.12–4.07)* | 1.34 (1.10–1.65) * | 1.35 (1.03–1.62)* | |
Non-smoker at end of program: | No | 2037 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3951 | 17.1 (13.9–21.1)* | 13.8 (10.5–16.8) * | 13.3 (10.7–16.4) * |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kehlet, M.; Schroeder, T.V.; Tønnesen, H. The Gold Standard Program for Smoking Cessation is Effective for Participants Over 60 Years of Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2574-2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302574
Kehlet M, Schroeder TV, Tønnesen H. The Gold Standard Program for Smoking Cessation is Effective for Participants Over 60 Years of Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):2574-2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302574
Chicago/Turabian StyleKehlet, Mette, Torben V. Schroeder, and Hanne Tønnesen. 2015. "The Gold Standard Program for Smoking Cessation is Effective for Participants Over 60 Years of Age" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 2574-2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302574
APA StyleKehlet, M., Schroeder, T. V., & Tønnesen, H. (2015). The Gold Standard Program for Smoking Cessation is Effective for Participants Over 60 Years of Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(3), 2574-2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302574