Detection of Critical LUCC Indices and Sensitive Watershed Regions Related to Lake Algal Blooms: A Case Study of Taihu Lake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Land use/cover change (LUCC) Indices
2.3. Extraction of Algal Area from Remote Sensing Images
2.4. The Relationship between Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) and Algae Area
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Land Use/Cover change (LUCC) over 20 Years
Region | Year | OF % | PF % | AL % | CL % | WL % | UL % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WC | 1980 | 27.49 | 1.02 | 41.02 | 17.02 | 13.40 | 0.05 |
1995 | 27.72 | 1.08 | 39.51 | 19.29 | 11.25 | 1.15 | |
2000 | 26.95 | 1.14 | 40.01 | 18.56 | 12.59 | 0.75 | |
2002 | 23.94 | 4.55 | 34.87 | 22.12 | 14.22 | 0.30 | |
2005 | 22.08 | 1.51 | 34.63 | 13.34 | 15.22 | 13.22 | |
2008 | 22.50 | 6.41 | 37.46 | 15.75 | 7.73 | 10.15 | |
2010 | 21.87 | 2.97 | 39.22 | 16.52 | 9.86 | 9.56 | |
2012 | 16.45 | 5.21 | 34.38 | 22.93 | 10.33 | 10.70 | |
ML | 1980 | 18.14 | 3.21 | 46.54 | 22.30 | 6.33 | 3.48 |
1995 | 19.33 | 4.88 | 43.90 | 22.60 | 8.47 | 0.81 | |
2000 | 20.73 | 1.55 | 42.25 | 23.91 | 10.62 | 0.94 | |
2002 | 18.65 | 2.41 | 37.92 | 30.75 | 8.33 | 1.94 | |
2005 | 17.95 | 1.65 | 35.26 | 37.38 | 5.95 | 1.80 | |
2008 | 16.76 | 1.85 | 33.41 | 36.11 | 9.68 | 2.19 | |
2010 | 15.94 | 1.62 | 35.33 | 39.90 | 6.11 | 2.10 | |
2012 | 15.78 | 2.64 | 30.16 | 44.97 | 6.28 | 0.16 | |
ZS | 1980 | 13.79 | 0.66 | 39.36 | 16.24 | 20.89 | 9.06 |
1995 | 14.00 | 0.72 | 37.57 | 17.87 | 22.19 | 7.66 | |
2000 | 12.21 | 0.79 | 33.77 | 24.49 | 22.48 | 6.26 | |
2002 | 11.02 | 2.82 | 28.68 | 28.68 | 23.13 | 5.67 | |
2005 | 12.58 | 0.75 | 26.98 | 30.67 | 19.89 | 9.13 | |
2008 | 11.55 | 0.98 | 27.92 | 31.08 | 18.39 | 10.08 | |
2010 | 10.33 | 0.76 | 26.55 | 34.30 | 17.16 | 10.90 | |
2012 | 11.00 | 3.79 | 25.66 | 36.09 | 18.39 | 5.07 |
Region | Year | B1 (1 km) | B3 (5 km) | B5 (10 km) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHDI | SHEI | Ci | FRAC | SHDI | SHEI | Ci | FRAC | SHDI | SHEI | Ci | FRAC | ||
WC | 1980 | 1.079 | 0.715 | 6.558 | 1.0724 | 1.269 | 0.725 | 2.691 | 1.0684 | 1.296 | 0.699 | 2.049 | 1.0548 |
1995 | 1.112 | 0.737 | 6.153 | 1.0625 | 1.295 | 0.737 | 2.610 | 1.0796 | 1.341 | 0.743 | 2.008 | 1.0684 | |
2000 | 1.183 | 0.735 | 12.677 | 1.0898 | 1.252 | 0.778 | 3.915 | 1.0783 | 1.311 | 0.732 | 2.661 | 1.0645 | |
2002 | 1.427 | 0.797 | 15.382 | 1.0373 | 1.409 | 0.820 | 4.456 | 1.0349 | 1.523 | 0.850 | 2.931 | 1.0347 | |
2005 | 1.190 | 0.740 | 12.137 | 1.0988 | 1.308 | 0.813 | 3.807 | 1.0775 | 1.360 | 0.759 | 2.606 | 1.0663 | |
2008 | 1.492 | 0.833 | 17.005 | 1.0397 | 1.429 | 0.837 | 5.290 | 1.0375 | 1.567 | 0.875 | 3.093 | 1.0388 | |
2010 | 1.042 | 0.648 | 16.870 | 1.087 | 1.329 | 0.757 | 5.329 | 1.0752 | 1.297 | 0.724 | 3.026 | 1.062 | |
2012 | 1.277 | 0.713 | 22.955 | 1.1173 | 1.455 | 0.812 | 5.770 | 1.0348 | 1.395 | 0.867 | 3.088 | 1.0328 | |
ML | 1980 | 1.266 | 0.786 | 2.975 | 1.0427 | 1.375 | 0.732 | 1.785 | 1.0436 | 1.285 | 0.756 | 1.524 | 1.0254 |
1995 | 1.294 | 0.815 | 2.832 | 1.0578 | 1.435 | 0.783 | 1.699 | 1.0874 | 1.348 | 0.793 | 1.451 | 1.0545 | |
2000 | 1.288 | 0.801 | 3.498 | 1.0654 | 1.411 | 0.787 | 2.099 | 1.0623 | 1.317 | 0.735 | 1.792 | 1.0613 | |
2002 | 1.522 | 0.946 | 4.046 | 1.0418 | 1.588 | 0.886 | 2.427 | 1.0358 | 1.531 | 0.855 | 2.072 | 1.0338 | |
2005 | 1.240 | 0.770 | 6.640 | 1.0678 | 1.376 | 0.855 | 3.084 | 1.0492 | 1.316 | 0.735 | 3.401 | 1.0388 | |
2008 | 1.605 | 0.896 | 7.925 | 1.0433 | 1.635 | 0.913 | 4.455 | 1.0417 | 1.588 | 0.886 | 3.803 | 1.0403 | |
2010 | 1.230 | 0.764 | 8.448 | 1.0689 | 1.327 | 0.824 | 4.069 | 1.0471 | 1.278 | 0.713 | 3.327 | 1.037 | |
2012 | 1.466 | 0.911 | 8.257 | 1.0415 | 1.469 | 0.820 | 4.154 | 1.0363 | 1.401 | 0.782 | 3.254 | 1.0325 | |
ZS | 1980 | 1.295 | 0.695 | 3.209 | 1.0145 | 1.201 | 0.755 | 1.925 | 1.0452 | 0.816 | 0.602 | 1.605 | 1.0351 |
1995 | 1.265 | 0.687 | 3.606 | 1.0257 | 1.235 | 0.812 | 2.164 | 1.0388 | 0.976 | 0.599 | 1.803 | 1.0537 | |
2000 | 1.316 | 0.734 | 5.654 | 1.0484 | 1.164 | 0.650 | 3.392 | 1.0587 | 0.944 | 0.527 | 2.827 | 1.0163 | |
2002 | 1.579 | 0.881 | 5.165 | 1.0422 | 1.513 | 0.844 | 3.099 | 1.0317 | 1.367 | 0.763 | 2.583 | 1.0353 | |
2005 | 1.330 | 0.959 | 5.104 | 1.0598 | 1.261 | 0.910 | 3.062 | 1.0458 | 1.108 | 0.799 | 2.552 | 1.0536 | |
2008 | 1.527 | 0.852 | 5.929 | 1.0785 | 1.388 | 0.774 | 3.557 | 1.0453 | 1.238 | 0.691 | 3.765 | 1.0721 | |
2010 | 1.321 | 0.953 | 6.235 | 1.0964 | 1.190 | 0.859 | 3.141 | 1.0564 | 1.071 | 0.773 | 3.117 | 1.0987 | |
2012 | 1.403 | 0.878 | 6.108 | 1.1025 | 1.476 | 0.824 | 3.065 | 1.0324 | 1.365 | 0.762 | 3.154 | 1.1163 |
3.2. Changes in Algae Area over 20 years
3.3. Relationship between Land Use/Cover change and (LUCC) Algae areas
Buffer Region | Distance to Lake | n | R2 | RMSE | Significant Factors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land Use | Landscape | |||||
B1 | 1 km | 24 | 0.44 | 6.78 | WL | SHDI |
B2 | 3 km | 24 | 0.66 | 3.73 | WL, PF | SHDI |
B3 | 5 km | 24 | 0.58 | 8.21 | WL, AL | -- |
B4 | 7 km | 24 | 0.52 | 8.39 | AL | Ci |
B5 | 10 km | 24 | 0.50 | 7.53 | AL, WL | Ci |
B6 | 50 km | 24 | 0.23 | 9.04 | -- | Ci |
Buffer Region | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | Factor | R2 | Factor | R2 | Factor | R2 | Factor | R2 | Factor | R2 | Factor | |
WC | 0.67 | WL | 0.59 | WL | 0.42 | AL, WL | 0.43 | AL | 0.38 | Ci, SHDI | 0.23 | AL, Ci |
ML | 0.59 | WL, SHDI | 0.89 | WL, SHDI | 0.85 | WL, AL, Ci | 0.80 | AL, WL, Ci | 0.60 | Ci | 0.31 | Ci |
ZS | 0.48 | WL | 0.82 | AL, WL, SHDI | 0.90 | AL, SHDI, Ci | 0.55 | Ci | 0.60 | AL, Ci | 0.20 | AL, Ci |
4. Discussion
4.1. Critical Land Use/Cover change (LUCC) Indices Affecting Lake Algal Blooms in Different Lake Divisions
4.2. The Relationship between Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) and Algal Blooms for Different Lake Divisions and Buffer regions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lin, C.; Ma, R.; Su, Z.; Zhu, Q. Detection of Critical LUCC Indices and Sensitive Watershed Regions Related to Lake Algal Blooms: A Case Study of Taihu Lake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1629-1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201629
Lin C, Ma R, Su Z, Zhu Q. Detection of Critical LUCC Indices and Sensitive Watershed Regions Related to Lake Algal Blooms: A Case Study of Taihu Lake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(2):1629-1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201629
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Chen, Ronghua Ma, Zhihu Su, and Qing Zhu. 2015. "Detection of Critical LUCC Indices and Sensitive Watershed Regions Related to Lake Algal Blooms: A Case Study of Taihu Lake" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 2: 1629-1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201629