Accidental Water Pollution Risk Analysis of Mine Tailings Ponds in Guanting Reservoir Watershed, Zhangjiakou City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Materials
2.1. Delineation of Risk Sub-Watersheds
2.2. Hazard Analysis of Mine Tailings Ponds
2.3. Vulnerability Analysis of Receptors
Harmfulness (H) | Reliability (R) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Unreliable | Medium | Reliable | |
High | 10 | 8 | 6 |
Medium | 8 | 6 | 4 |
Low | 6 | 4 | 2 |
2.4. Identification of Risk Routes
Receptors | Grade | Criteria |
---|---|---|
Drinking water intakes | 2 | Population served ≤ 50,000 |
4 | 50,000 < Population served ≤ 100,000 | |
6 | Population served > 100,000 | |
Irrigating water intakes | 2 | Farming area served ≤ 100 km2 |
4 | 100 km2 < Farming area served ≤ 200 km2 | |
6 | Farming area served > 200 km2 | |
Residential land | 2 | Population density ≤ 3500/km2 |
4 | 3500/km2 < Population density ≤ 6000/km2 | |
6 | Population density > 6000/km2 | |
Agricultural land | 2 | Green manure crops |
4 | Commercial crops | |
6 | Food crops | |
Woodland | 2 | Shrub land |
4 | Sparse woodland | |
6 | Forest land | |
Water bodies ** | 2 | Environmental functions at grades IV and V |
4 | Environmental function at grade III | |
6 | Environmental functions at grades I and II | |
Nature reserves *** | 2 | Experimental area |
4 | Buffer area | |
6 | Core area |
2.5. Exposure and Effect Analyses
2.5.1. Dam Failure Modeling
2.5.2. Pollutants Convection-Diffusion Modeling
2.6. Ranking Risk of Sub-Watersheds
2.7. Uncertainty Analysis
2.8. Study Area and Materials
2.8.1. Study Area
2.8.2. Data Sources
3. Results
3.1. The Tailings Pond Pollution Risk Map
3.2. Most Hazardous Tailings Ponds
3.3. Most Vulnerable Receptors
3.4. Significantly Impacted Endpoints
3.5. Uncertainty Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, R.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Borthwick, A.; Zhang, K. Accidental Water Pollution Risk Analysis of Mine Tailings Ponds in Guanting Reservoir Watershed, Zhangjiakou City, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15269-15284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214983
Liu R, Liu J, Zhang Z, Borthwick A, Zhang K. Accidental Water Pollution Risk Analysis of Mine Tailings Ponds in Guanting Reservoir Watershed, Zhangjiakou City, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15269-15284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214983
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Renzhi, Jing Liu, Zhijiao Zhang, Alistair Borthwick, and Ke Zhang. 2015. "Accidental Water Pollution Risk Analysis of Mine Tailings Ponds in Guanting Reservoir Watershed, Zhangjiakou City, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15269-15284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214983