Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Respiratory Health among Adolescent Agricultural Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Laboratory Measurements
2.3. Assessment of Lung Function and Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
Applicators ( n = 38) | Non-Applicators ( n = 24) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | ||||
Age (years) | 15.6 (1.5) | 15.4 (2.2) | ||
Education (years) | 9.4 (1.9) | 9.1 (1.9) | ||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 20.3 (2.6) | 21.2 (3.6) | ||
Cumulative TCPy excretion (μg/gm creatinine) | ||||
Day: | ||||
73 | 3090.6 (5591.2) | 758.0 (537.0) | ||
146 | 33,217.6 (49,179.3) | 3290.8 (3,994.9) * | ||
269 | 43,063.4 (64,347.8) | 5409.9 (6,209.6) * | ||
269–146 | 1806.8 (2354.2) | 3215.2 (4778.2) * | ||
Spirometric measures (% predicted) | ||||
FEV1, 1st assessment | 98.2 (18.5) | 105.4 (17.0) | ||
FEV1, 2nd assessment | 100.6 (18.3) | 105.8 (12.3) | ||
Change in FEV1a | 2.3 (17.3) | −0.7 (19.7) | ||
FVC, 1st assessment | 90.1 (22.5) | 94.9 (17.6) | ||
FVC, 2nd assessment | 88.8 (17.6) | 95.2 (12.7) | ||
Change in FVC b | −1.9 (21.5) | −1.6 (21.1) | ||
Number (%) | ||||
Mixed pesticides at home (yes) | 27 (73.0) | 10 (47.6) * | ||
Diesel engine exhaust (yes) | 13 (35.1) | 3 (15.0) | ||
Skin allergy (yes) | 5 (13.2) | 1 (4.2) | ||
Renal disease (yes) | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Arthritis (yes) | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Wears while applying pesticides c | ||||
Respirators | 1 (2.6) | |||
Mask over mouth | 4 (10.5) | |||
Mask over mouth and nose | 7 (18.4) | |||
Waterproof gloves | 6 (15.8) | |||
Googles | 4 (10.5) | |||
Glasses | 5 (13.2) | |||
Shoes or boots (not open sandals) | 27 (71.1) | |||
Head cover/cap | 25 (65.8) |
Wheeze | No Wheeze | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-AdjustedOR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-applicators | 2 | 22 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
Applicators | 9 | 29 | 3.41 (0.67; 17.41) | 3.36 (0.65; 17.47) |
Restriction a | Normal | |||
Day 146 | ||||
Non-applicators | 7 | 13 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
Applicators | 17 | 19 | 1.66 (0.54; 5.13) | 1.71 (0.55; 5.36) |
Day 269 | ||||
Non-applicators | 5 | 17 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
Applicators | 17 | 17 | 3.40 (1.02; 11.32) | 3.27 (0.97; 11.08) |
3.2. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Callahan, C.L.; Al-Batanony, M.; Ismail, A.A.; Abdel-Rasoul, G.; Hendy, O.; Olson, J.R.; Rohlman, D.S.; Bonner, M.R. Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Respiratory Health among Adolescent Agricultural Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 13117-13129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111213117
Callahan CL, Al-Batanony M, Ismail AA, Abdel-Rasoul G, Hendy O, Olson JR, Rohlman DS, Bonner MR. Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Respiratory Health among Adolescent Agricultural Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(12):13117-13129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111213117
Chicago/Turabian StyleCallahan, Catherine L., Manal Al-Batanony, Ahmed A. Ismail, Gaafar Abdel-Rasoul, Olfat Hendy, James R. Olson, Diane S. Rohlman, and Matthew R. Bonner. 2014. "Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Respiratory Health among Adolescent Agricultural Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 12: 13117-13129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111213117
APA StyleCallahan, C. L., Al-Batanony, M., Ismail, A. A., Abdel-Rasoul, G., Hendy, O., Olson, J. R., Rohlman, D. S., & Bonner, M. R. (2014). Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Respiratory Health among Adolescent Agricultural Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(12), 13117-13129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111213117