Surveying Mercury Levels in Hair, Blood and Urine of under 7-Year Old Children from a Coastal City in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subject Selection
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Mercury Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Mercury Levels in Blood, Urine, and Hair
3.2. Blood Mercury Levels
3.3. Urine Mercury Levels
Sample | n | Range | x ± SD | Median | GM a | CI-CM b | P95 c | CI P 95 d | RVs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood (μg/L) | 395 | 0.56–3.15 | 1.14 ± 0.51 | 1.13 | 1.05 | 1.00−1.09 | 2.28 | 1.84−2.64 | 2.30 |
Urine (μg/L) | 1072 | 0.03–2.63 | 0.82 ± 0.30 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.73−0.77 | 1.42 | 1.31−1.51 | 1.50 |
Hair (μg/kg) | 581 | 99.0–3280.0 | 748.2 ± 598.4 | 550.0 | 569.8 | 536.7−604.9 | 2060.0 | 1900.4−2310.2 | 2100.0 |
Sample | n | Range | x ± SD | Median | GM a | CI-CM b | P95 c | CI P 95 d | RVs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood | |||||||||
0–1 years (μg/L) | 62 | 0.56–2.61 | 1.05 ± 0.42 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.08 | 1.77 | — | 1.80 |
2–3 years (μg/L) | 82 | 0.56–2.83 | 1.07 ± 0.39 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.93–1.08 | 1.75 | 1.39–2.70 | 1.80 |
4–6 years (μg/L) | 251 | 0.56–3.15 | 1.16 ± 0.53 | 1.14 | 1.06 | 1.00–1.12 | 2.30 | 2.00–2.75 | 2.30 |
Urine | |||||||||
0–1 years (μg/L) | 425 | 0.03–2.63 | 0.79 ± 0.29 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.70–0.76 | 1.35 | 1.25–1.48 | 1.40 |
2–3 years (μg/L) | 252 | 0.10–1.79 | 0.82 ± 0.31 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.71–0.79 | 1.51 | 1.30–1.67 | 1.50 |
4–6 years (μg/L) | 395 | 0.13–2.55 | 0.84 ± 0.30 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.75–0.81 | 1.46 | 1.23–1.65 | 1.50 |
Hair | |||||||||
0–1 years (μg/kg) | 195 | 116.0–3259.0 | 483.6 ± 390.2 | 363.0 | 388.0 | 354.9–424.2 | 1173.0 | 995.2–1523.7 | 1200.0 |
2–3 years (μg/kg) | 172 | 99.0–2932.0 | 809.2 ± 625.3 | 602.5 | 619.0 | 554.4–691.2 | 2195.0 | 1949.7–2643.3 | 2200.0 |
4–6 years (μg/kg) | 214 | 153.0–3280.0 | 939.4 ± 647.8 | 768.0 | 752.9 | 687.4–824.5 | 2466.0 | 2022.5–2725.7 | 2500.0 |
Sample | n | Range | x ± SD | Median | GM a | CI-CM b | P95 c | CI P 95 d | RVs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood | |||||||||
Boys (μg/L) | 214 | 0.56−3.15 | 1.16 ± 0.56 | 1.13 | 1.05 | 0.99−1.12 | 2.68 | 2.17−2.80 | 2.70 |
Girls (μg/L) | 181 | 0.56−2.90 | 1.11 ± 0.44 | 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.98−1.10 | 1.84 | 1.74−2.27 | 1.90 |
Urine | |||||||||
Boys (μg/L) | 606 | 0.04−2.63 | 0.83 ± 0.31 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.74−0.80 | 1.50 | 1.39−1.63 | 1.50 |
Girls (μg/L) | 466 | 0.03−2.55 | 0.79 ± 0.28 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.70−0.76 | 1.30 | 1.19−1.47 | 1.30 |
Hair | |||||||||
Boys (μg/kg) | 308 | 116.0−3272.0 | 746.6 ± 596.9 | 570.5 | 572.5 | 528.0−620.7 | 2165.0 | 1755.6−2573.3 | 2200.0 |
Girls (μg/kg) | 273 | 99.0−3280.0 | 750.1 ± 601.2 | 531.0 | 566.8 | 518.5−619.5 | 2051.0 | 1762.7−2473.2 | 2100.0 |
3.4. Hair Mercury Levels
3.5. Correlation between Blood, Urine, and Hair Mercury Levels in Children
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chen, G.; Chen, X.; Yan, C.; Wu, X.; Zeng, G. Surveying Mercury Levels in Hair, Blood and Urine of under 7-Year Old Children from a Coastal City in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 12029-12041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111112029
Chen G, Chen X, Yan C, Wu X, Zeng G. Surveying Mercury Levels in Hair, Blood and Urine of under 7-Year Old Children from a Coastal City in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):12029-12041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111112029
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Guixia, Xiaoxin Chen, Chonghuai Yan, Xingdong Wu, and Guozhang Zeng. 2014. "Surveying Mercury Levels in Hair, Blood and Urine of under 7-Year Old Children from a Coastal City in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 12029-12041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111112029