Estimating the Heterogeneous Relationship between Peer Drinking and Youth Alcohol Consumption in Chile Using Propensity Score Stratification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. An Alternative Statistical Approach: Propensity Score Stratification
1.1.1. Statistical Explanation
1.1.2. Application
1.2. Hypothesis and Analytic Strategy
1.3. Contribution
2. Method
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variable
2.2.2. Independent and Control Variables
2.2.3. Auxiliary Variables
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
Variable | (1) Have Friends Who Drink (n = 631) | (2) No Drinking Friends (n = 283) | p-Value a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (%) | Standard Deviation | Mean (%) | Standard Deviation | ||
Youth | |||||
Number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days | 2.27 | 7.90 | 0.07 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
Male | 50% | -- | 54% | -- | 0.178 |
Age | 14.79 | 1.47 | 13.49 | 1.05 | <0.001 |
Family Context | |||||
Monthly income (unit: 100 Chilean pesos) | 3.19 | 1.60 | 2.98 | 1.45 | 0.056 |
Less than middle school | 6% | -- | 6% | -- | 0.932 |
Middle school to less than high school | 35% | -- | 43% | -- | 0.013 |
High school | 56% | -- | 47% | -- | 0.016 |
Some college or more | 4% | -- | 4% | -- | 0.933 |
Married | 65% | -- | 70% | -- | 0.094 |
Number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days | 16.46 | 44.51 | 15.20 | 39.23 | 0.680 |
Social Context | |||||
Neighborhood danger and drugs | 3.11 | 1.07 | 2.77 | 1.12 | <0.001 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (low exposure) | 23% | -- | 35% | -- | <0.001 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (moderate exposure) | 39% | -- | 35% | -- | 0.226 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (high exposure) | 39% | -- | 30% | -- | 0.016 |
Advertisement on television (low exposure) | 18% | -- | 28% | -- | 0.001 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (low exposure) | 32% | -- | 31% | -- | 0.894 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (moderate exposure) | 50% | -- | 41% | -- | 0.007 |
3.2. Negative Binomial Regression under the Homogeneity Assumption
Variables | Coefficient | Standard Error | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Peers | |||
Peer alcohol consumption | 2.40 | 0.35 | *** |
Youth | |||
Male | 0.40 | 0.23 | † |
Age | 0.57 | 0.09 | *** |
Family Context | |||
Monthly income (unit: 100 Chilean pesos) | −0.47 | 0.29 | |
Monthly income (squared) | 0.05 | 0.03 | |
Less than middle school a | 0.04 | 0.73 | |
Middle school to less than high school a | −0.39 | 0.60 | |
High school a | −0.39 | 0.59 | |
Married | −0.04 | 0.25 | |
Number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days | 0.01 | 0.00 | † |
Social Context | |||
Neighborhood danger and drugs | 1.88 | 0.66 | ** |
Neighborhood danger and drugs (squared) | −0.27 | 0.10 | ** |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (low exposure) b | −0.34 | 0.38 | |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (moderate exposure) b | −0.45 | 0.26 | |
Advertisement on television (low exposure) c | −0.47 | 0.40 | |
Advertisement on television (moderate exposure) c | 0.06 | 0.26 | |
Constant | −12.10 | 1.75 | *** |
3.3. Propensity Score Analysis under the Heterogeneity Assumption
Variables | Coefficient | Standard Error | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Youth | |||
Male | −0.11 | 0.10 | |
Age | 0.46 | 0.04 | *** |
Family Context | |||
Monthly income (unit: 100 Chilean pesos) | −0.05 | 0.12 | |
Monthly income (squared) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
Less than middle school a | 0.10 | 0.33 | |
Middle school to less than high school a | −0.14 | 0.28 | |
High school a | 0.17 | 0.27 | |
Married | 0.01 | 0.10 | |
Number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Social Context | |||
Neighborhood danger and drugs | 0.58 | 0.24 | * |
Neighborhood danger and drugs (squared) | −0.07 | 0.04 | † |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (low exposure) b | −0.27 | 0.14 | † |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (moderate exposure) b | −0.01 | 0.12 | |
Advertisement on television (low exposure) c | −0.20 | 0.14 | |
Advertisement on television (moderate exposure) c | −0.06 | 0.12 | |
Constant | −6.79 | 0.75 | *** |
Peer Alcohol Consumption | Stratum 1 | Stratum 2 | Stratum 3 | Stratum 4 | Stratum 5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | p-Value a | Mean | p-Value a | Mean | p-Value a | Mean | p-Value a | Mean | p-Value a | ||||||
Yes (n = 38) | No (n = 70) | Yes (n = 84) | No (n = 96) | Yes (n = 80) | No (n = 56) | Yes (n = 129) | No (n = 31) | Yes (n = 300) | No (n = 30) | ||||||
Youth | |||||||||||||||
Male | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.20 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.60 |
Age | 12.35 | 12.40 | 0.59 | 13.27 | 13.22 | 0.65 | 13.93 | 13.85 | 0.34 | 14.35 | 14.43 | 0.45 | 15.95 | 15.21 | 0.00 |
Family Context | |||||||||||||||
Monthly income (unit: 100 Chilean pesos) | 2.52 | 2.78 | 0.26 | 3.02 | 3.22 | 0.41 | 3.10 | 2.94 | 0.50 | 3.22 | 2.46 | 0.02 | 3.34 | 3.28 | 0.85 |
Less than middle school | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
Middle school to less than high school | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.38 |
High school | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.77 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.94 |
Some college or more | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.95 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.86 |
Married | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.29 |
Number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days | 19.68 | 10.60 | 0.06 | 22.08 | 17.00 | 0.52 | 10.31 | 19.75 | 0.11 | 11.60 | 7.65 | 0.43 | 18.21 | 19.47 | 0.90 |
Social Context | |||||||||||||||
Neighborhood danger and drugs | 2.48 | 2.40 | 0.71 | 2.75 | 2.78 | 0.82 | 2.80 | 2.93 | 0.51 | 3.03 | 2.95 | 0.68 | 3.41 | 3.13 | 0.16 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (low exposure) | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.77 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.02 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (moderate exposure) | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
Advertisement on newspapers/magazines (high exposure) | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.81 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.48 |
Advertisement on television (low exposure) | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.83 |
Advertisement on television (moderate exposure) | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.76 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.55 |
Advertisement on television (high exposure) | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.48 |
Observations (n) | 38 | 70 | -- | 84 | 96 | -- | 80 | 56 | -- | 129 | 31 | -- | 300 | 30 | -- |
Stratum | Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Significance | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level-1 | |||||
1 | 1.46 | 1.13 | 0.198 | 108 | |
2 | 1.66 | 0.66 | 0.012 | * | 180 |
3 | 2.85 | 0.92 | 0.002 | *** | 136 |
4 | 2.75 | 0.90 | 0.002 | *** | 160 |
5 | 3.36 | 0.70 | 0.000 | *** | 330 |
Level-2 | |||||
Slope | 0.51 | 0.26 | 0.052 | † | 914 |
Constant | 0.83 | 0.91 | 0.361 |
Variables | Stratum 1 | Stratum 2 | Stratum 3 | Stratum 4 | Stratum 5 | (1)–(5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | p-Value a | |
Rule-Breaking | 4.26 | 4.46 | 4.36 | 5.01 | 5.90 | <0.001 |
Aggression | 6.44 | 7.65 | 7.69 | 9.26 | 8.90 | <0.001 |
Risk-Taking | 15.61 | 16.16 | 16.59 | 17.03 | 17.71 | <0.001 |
Self-esteem and Satisfaction | 28.19 | 28.36 | 28.45 | 26.86 | 28.02 | 0.746 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Han, Y.; Grogan-Kaylor, A.; Delva, J.; Xie, Y. Estimating the Heterogeneous Relationship between Peer Drinking and Youth Alcohol Consumption in Chile Using Propensity Score Stratification. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11879-11897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111879
Han Y, Grogan-Kaylor A, Delva J, Xie Y. Estimating the Heterogeneous Relationship between Peer Drinking and Youth Alcohol Consumption in Chile Using Propensity Score Stratification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11879-11897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111879
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Yoonsun, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, Jorge Delva, and Yu Xie. 2014. "Estimating the Heterogeneous Relationship between Peer Drinking and Youth Alcohol Consumption in Chile Using Propensity Score Stratification" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11879-11897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111879
APA StyleHan, Y., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Delva, J., & Xie, Y. (2014). Estimating the Heterogeneous Relationship between Peer Drinking and Youth Alcohol Consumption in Chile Using Propensity Score Stratification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(11), 11879-11897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111879