Liver δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity is Inhibited by Neonicotinoids and Restored by Antioxidant Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Animals
2.3. Tissue Preparation
2.4. Protein
2.5. δ-ALA-D Activity
2.6. Inhibitory Effect of Imidacloprid to δ-ALA-D Activity and IC50 Determination
2.7. Effect of Dithiothreitol (DTT) and Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)
2.8. Effect of Resveratrol, Curcumin, Ascorbic Acid and Reduced Glutathione on Liver δ-ALA-D Activity in the Presence of Imidacloprid
2.9. Quantification of Chemical Elements in Imidacloprid
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Inhibitory Effect of Imidacloprid on δ-ALA-D Activity and Determination of IC50
3.2. Effect of Dithiothreitol (DTT) and Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)
3.3. Effect of Resveratrol, Curcumin, Ascorbic Acid and Reduced Glutathione on Liver δ-AlA-D Activity in the Presence of Imidacloprid
3.4. Determination of Chemical Elements in Imidacloprid
Chemical elements | Concentration (mg∙L−1) |
---|---|
Aluminum | 8.43 |
Arsenic | 0.28 |
Cadmium | 0.02 |
Cobalt | 0.05 |
Copper | 2.98 |
Chromium | 2.81 |
Lead | 0.11 |
Manganese | 77.62 |
Mercury | 0.11 |
Nickel | 0.51 |
Strontium | 3.27 |
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sauer, E.; Moro, A.M.; Brucker, N.; Nascimento, S.; Gauer, B.; Fracasso, R.; Gioda, A.; Beck, R.; Moreira, J.C.F.; Eifler-Lima, V.L.; et al. Liver δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity is Inhibited by Neonicotinoids and Restored by Antioxidant Agents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11676-11690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111676
Sauer E, Moro AM, Brucker N, Nascimento S, Gauer B, Fracasso R, Gioda A, Beck R, Moreira JCF, Eifler-Lima VL, et al. Liver δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity is Inhibited by Neonicotinoids and Restored by Antioxidant Agents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11676-11690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111676
Chicago/Turabian StyleSauer, Elisa, Angela M. Moro, Natália Brucker, Sabrina Nascimento, Bruna Gauer, Rafael Fracasso, Adriana Gioda, Ruy Beck, José C. F. Moreira, Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima, and et al. 2014. "Liver δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity is Inhibited by Neonicotinoids and Restored by Antioxidant Agents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11676-11690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111676