Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal — 2008–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mosquito Collection
2.2. Ports and Airports
2.3. Flavivirus Survey
3. Results
Collections | Number of | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult Collection | CDC Trap-night | 267 | 227 | 464 | 725 | 719 | 933 | 3335 |
Adult mosquitoes | 18,310 | 23,336 | 25,790 | 12,739 | 21,127 | 15,506 | 116,808 | |
Species number | 15 | 13 | 13 | 22 | 17 | 19 | 22 | |
Sub-regions (NUTS III) | 19 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | |
Immature Collection | Surveyed breeding sites | 143 | 59 | 166 | 518 | 697 | 2035 | 3618 |
Immature mosquitoes | 3338 | 2125 | 4562 | 14,526 | 25,988 | 23,850 | 74,389 | |
Species number | 8 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 17 | |
Sub-regions (NUTS III) | 14 | 9 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Species | Larvae | ♂ 1 | ♀ 2 | ♂ & ♀ 3 | Pools 4 | ♀ Pools 5 | % ♀ Pools 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aedes aegypti | 2173 | 606 | 195 | 801 | 53 | 725 | 1.82 |
Ae. eatoni | 8 | 2 | 2 | 0.00 | |||
Anopheles algeriensis | 6 | 437 | 443 | 7 | 278 | 0.70 | |
An. claviger | 16 | 110 | 126 | 5 | 54 | 0.14 | |
An. maculipennis s.l. | 295 | 124 | 645 | 769 | 44 | 404 | 1.01 |
An. plumbeus | 8 | 8 | 0.00 | ||||
Coquillettidea richiardii | 75 | 75 | 6 | 55 | 0.14 | ||
Culiseta annulata | 140 | 3 | 237 | 240 | 10 | 62 | 0.16 |
Cs. longiareolata | 29,672 | 570 | 439 | 1009 | 15 | 52 | 0.13 |
Culex hortensis | 1578 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 2 | 5 | 0.01 |
Cx. impudicus | 120 | 3 | 3 | 0.00 | |||
Cx. laticinctus | 1908 | 54 | 25 | 79 | 0.00 | ||
Cx. mimeticus | 3 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 1 | 6 | 0.02 |
Cx. modestus | 1 | 1 | 225 | 226 | 6 | 168 | 0.42 |
Cx. perexiguus | 67 | 144 | 1303 | 1447 | 79 | 929 | 2.33 |
Cx. pipiens | 36,531 | 4727 | 34,214 | 38,941 | 696 | 19,181 | 48.11 |
Cx. territans | 50 | 0.00 | |||||
Cx. theileri | 1300 | 648 | 30,197 | 30,845 | 241 | 8037 | 20.16 |
Cx. torrentium | 359 | 0.00 | |||||
Ochlerotatus berlandi | 9 | 9 | 2 | 17 | 0.04 | ||
Oc. caspius | 12 | 1038 | 29,521 | 30,559 | 209 | 8456 | 21.21 |
Oc. detritus | 172 | 409 | 10,553 | 10,962 | 40 | 1409 | 3.53 |
Oc. geniculatus | 55 | 55 | 2 | 21 | 0.05 | ||
Uranotaenia unguiculata | 114 | 67 | 181 | 1 | 13 | 0.03 | |
Total | 74,389 | 8470 | 108,338 | 116,808 | 1419 | 39,872 | 100.00 |
Points of Entry | Collections | N | Ae. aegypti | An. maculipennis | Cx. hortensis | Cx. pipiens | Cs. annulata | Cs. longiareolata | Cx. theileri | Oc. caspius | Oc. detritus | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IM 1 | AD 2 | IM | AD | IM | IM | AD | IM | IM | AD | IM | AD | IM | AD | AD | AD | IM | AD | |
Aveiro | 13 | 62 | 55 | 96 | 1 | 37 | 55 | 14 | 43 | 1 | ||||||||
Faro-Airport | 400 | 55 | 725 | 1934 | 4 | 12 | 599 | 338 | 6 | 139 | 1025 | 139 | ||||||
Figueira da Foz | 6 | 63 | 240 | 10,206 | 3 | 240 | 863 | 9 | 230 | 9029 | 72 | |||||||
Funchal (Madeira Island) | 1 | 20 | 20 | |||||||||||||||
Machico (Madeira Island) | 1 | 7 | 7 | |||||||||||||||
Porto-Airport | 1 | 41 | 7 | 7 | ||||||||||||||
Matosinhos | 8 | 123 | 111 | 1378 | 10 | 1371 | 1 | 101 | 4 | 2 | ||||||||
Portimão | 55 | 52 | 141 | 308 | 100 | 196 | 41 | 63 | 7 | 40 | ||||||||
Setúbal | 228 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Sines | 23 | 15 | 423 | 32 | 1 | 23 | 16 | 3 | 395 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | |||||
Viana do Castelo | 46 | 11 | 702 | 22 | 44 | 293 | 1 | 74 | 291 | 1 | 20 | |||||||
Vila Real de Santo António | 148 | 483 | 201 | 282 | ||||||||||||||
Total | 930 | 428 | 2907 | 13,984 | 20 | 1 | 44 | 879 | 3091 | 74 | 4 | 1510 | 101 | 382 | 10,162 | 4 | 212 |
Counties | Collections | N | Ae. aegypti | Ae. eatoni | Cs. longiareolata | Cx. pipiens | Cx. theileri | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IM | AD | IM | AD | IM | AD | AD | IM | AD | IM | AD | IM | AD | |
Calheta | 20 | 1 | 141 | 23 | 136 | 23 | 5 | 20 | |||||
Câmara de Lobos | 33 | 123 | 805 | 464 | 715 | 338 | 1 | 82 | 31 | 8 | 88 | 33 | 6 |
Funchal | 161 | 358 | 4154 | 984 | 1295 | 440 | 1 | 261 | 159 | 1967 | 270 | 161 | 114 |
Machico | 4 | 57 | 57 | 4 | |||||||||
Ponta do Sol | 1 | 14 | 12 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
Ribeira Brava | 2 | 8 | 2 | ||||||||||
Santa Cruz | 6 | 77 | 15 | 51 | 11 | 6 | |||||||
Total | 227 | 482 | 5256 | 1471 | 2173 | 801 | 2 | 451 | 190 | 1993 | 358 | 227 | 120 |
Number of | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pools | 214 | 164 | 230 | 328 | 251 | 232 | 1419 |
♀ Pools | 6785 | 5230 | 5093 | 7425 | 7947 | 7392 | 39,872 |
Culex FV | 5 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
Ochlerotatus FV | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Ae. aegypti FV | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 14 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Osório, H.C.; Zé-Zé, L.; Amaro, F.; Alves, M.J. Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal — 2008–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11583-11596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111583
Osório HC, Zé-Zé L, Amaro F, Alves MJ. Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal — 2008–2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11583-11596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111583
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsório, Hugo C., Líbia Zé-Zé, Fátima Amaro, and Maria J. Alves. 2014. "Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal — 2008–2014" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11583-11596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111583