Mixed Impact of Firearms Restrictions on Fatal Firearm Injuries in Males: A National Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Hunter’s examination (1986): Since 1 April 1986, it has been obligatory for new hunters to pass a 30 h course with theoretical and practical training (changes to the Act of Game of 1981) [23]. Individuals registered as hunters before that date did not have to pass the examination; however, all hunters born after 31 March 1970 have passed.
- Shotgun acquisition (1990): Since 1 October 1990, the acquisition of any type of shotgun has required permission from the police, like the acquisition of other firearms (changes to the Act of Firearms and Explosives of 1961). Individuals who want to acquire a firearm must provide a reason, and the firearm will be registered in the national firearm registry.
- Weapons cabinet (2000): Since 1 September 2000, it has been obligatory for households with five or more rifles and/or shotguns, or one or more pistols, revolvers, or semi-automatic and automatic firearms, to store private firearms in a locked weapons cabinet (changes to the Act of Firearms and Explosives of 1961). Since 1 July 2010, this regulation has been enforced from the first rifle/shotgun, but this new change to the law was not taken into consideration in the present study.
- Home Guard firearm (2003): Beginning 1 January 2003, the Norwegian Armed Forces ordered removal of the percussion cap of any Home Guard weapon stored in a private home (changes to the Act of the Home Guard of 1953).
2. Materials and Methods
Manner of intent
(external causes of death) | ICD-10 | ICD-9 a | ICD-8 a |
---|---|---|---|
Unintentional, Accidental | W32-W34 | E922 b | E922 |
Handgun | W32 | ||
Rifle, shotgun, and larger firearm | W33 | ||
Other and unspecified | W34 | ||
Intentional, Suicide | X72-X75 | E955 c | E955 |
Handgun | X72 | ||
Rifle, shotgun, and larger firearm | X73 | ||
Other and unspecified | X74 | ||
Explosive material | X75 | ||
Intentional, Homicide | X93-X96 | E965 c | E965 |
Handgun | X93 | ||
Rifle, shotgun, and larger firearm | X94 | ||
Other and unspecified | X95 | ||
Explosive material | X96 | ||
Event of undetermined intent | Y22-Y25 | E985 c | E985 |
Handgun | Y22 | ||
Rifle, shotgun, and larger firearm | Y23 | ||
Other and unspecified | Y24 | ||
Explosive material | Y25 | ||
Other intent | Y35.0, Y36.4 | E970, E991 | E970, E991 |
Legal invention involving firearm | Y35.0 | E970 | E970 |
Operation of war involving firearm | Y36.4 | E991 | E991 |
2.1. Classification of the Type of Firearm
2.2. Reference Data
Firearm | Non-firearm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Accidental | 2. Suicide | 3. Homicide | 1. Suicide | 2. Homicide | |
Total 1969–2009 | 158 | 4,863 | 276 | 10,756 | 767 |
1969 | 8 | 73 | 1 | 177 | 19 |
1970 | 7 | 79 | 4 | 149 | 13 |
1971 | 9 | 54 | 3 | 184 | 13 |
1972 | 4 | 73 | 5 | 181 | 13 |
1973 | 10 | 64 | 6 | 194 | 14 |
1974 | 11 | 102 | 3 | 220 | 10 |
1975 | 3 | 90 | 6 | 193 | 12 |
1976 | 7 | 96 | 3 | 223 | 14 |
1977 | 6 | 132 | 5 | 208 | 20 |
1978 | 4 | 122 | 3 | 228 | 17 |
1979 | 3 | 110 | 7 | 238 | 19 |
1980 | 7 | 121 | 4 | 249 | 22 |
1981 | 3 | 132 | 13 | 256 | 24 |
1982 | 10 | 148 | 5 | 273 | 19 |
1983 | 6 | 158 | 7 | 275 | 24 |
1984 | 5 | 158 | 8 | 290 | 27 |
1985 | 1 | 142 | 5 | 286 | 20 |
1986 | 3 | 159 | 12 | 260 | 33 |
1987 | 2 | 178 | 4 | 308 | 27 |
1988 | 6 | 199 | 15 | 311 | 24 |
1989 | 1 | 185 | 7 | 296 | 25 |
1990 | 4 | 157 | 12 | 331 | 25 |
1991 | 7 | 193 | 15 | 306 | 31 |
1992 | 3 | 161 | 8 | 288 | 26 |
1993 | 5 | 164 | 7 | 285 | 16 |
1994 | 3 | 118 | 7 | 261 | 11 |
1995 | 5 | 136 | 6 | 275 | 22 |
1996 | 4 | 128 | 7 | 261 | 18 |
1997 | 2 | 126 | 5 | 261 | 23 |
1998 | 2 | 98 | 9 | 301 | 20 |
1999 | 1 | 116 | 10 | 314 | 14 |
2000 | - | 107 | 11 | 302 | 18 |
2001 | - | 100 | 4 | 311 | 16 |
2002 | - | 87 | 10 | 275 | 16 |
2003 | - | 101 | 11 | 273 | 14 |
2004 | - | 90 | 10 | 269 | 15 |
2005 | 2 | 79 | 3 | 281 | 14 |
2006 | 1 | 88 | 7 | 303 | 13 |
2007 | 2 | 60 | 2 | 276 | 15 |
2008 | - | 83 | 2 | 264 | 17 |
2009 | 1 | 96 | 4 | 320 | 14 |
Manner of intent a,b | Total N (%) | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total firearm deaths | 5,660 (100) | 138.1 | 43.5 | 67 | 243 |
Accidental | 164 (2.9) | 4 | 3.2 | - | 11 |
Suicide a | 5,025 (88.8) | 122.6 | 40 | 57 | 212 |
Homicide a | 432 (7.6) | 10.5 | 4.7 | 2 | 24 |
Event of undetermined intent a | 34 (0.6) | 0.8 | 0.9 | - | 3 |
Legal investigation. | - (-) | - | - | - | - |
Operation of war c | 5 (0.1) | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | 1 |
MALE | |||||
Total firearm deaths | 5,334 (100) | 130.1 | 40.2 | 64 | 221 |
Accidental | 158 (3.0) | 3.9 | 3.1 | - | 11 |
Suicide a | 4,863 (91.2) | 118.6 | 37.9 | 54 | 199 |
Homicide a | 276 (5,2) | 6.7 | 3.6 | 1 | 15 |
Event of undetermined intent a | 32 (0.6) | 0.8 | 0.9 | - | 3 |
Legal investigation | - (-) | - | - | - | - |
Operation of war c | 5 (0.1) | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | 1 |
FEMALE | |||||
Total firearm deaths | 326 (100) | 8 | 4.1 | 1 | 22 |
Accidental | 6 (1.8) | 0.2 | 0.4 | - | 1 |
Suicide a | 162 (49.7) | 4 | 2.7 | - | 13 |
Homicide a | 156 (47.9) | 3.8 | 2.3 | - | 10 |
Event of undetermined intent a | 2 (0.6) | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | 1 |
Legal investigation | - (-) | - | - | - | - |
Operation of war c | - (-) | - | - | - | - |
2.3. Piecewise Regression
Manner of intent | Rate Ratio | Std. Error | p | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Firearm accidental | |||||
1969–2009 | 0.9434566 | 0.0070837 | <0.001 | 0.9296744 | 0.9574431 |
Firearm homicide | |||||
1969–1988 | 1.063483 | 0.0176508 | <0.001 | 1.029445 | 1.098647 |
1988–2009 | 0.9523446 | 0.0116701 | <0.001 | 0.9297441 | 0.9754944 |
Non-firearm homicide | |||||
1969–1986 | 1.045128 | 0.0112655 | <0.001 | 1.02328 | 1.067443 |
1986–2009 | 0.9601498 | 0.0065133 | <0.001 | 0.9474685 | 0.9730009 |
Firearm suicide | |||||
1969–1988 | 1.052911 | 0.0038548 | <0.001 | 1.045383 | 1.060493 |
1988–2009 | 0.9483321 | 0.0029616 | <0.001 | 0.9425451 | 0.9541546 |
Non-firearm suicide | |||||
1969–1990 | 1.027825 | 0.002248 | <0.001 | 1.023428 | 1.03224 |
1990–1994 | 0.9413462 | 0.0173876 | 0.001 | 0.9078767 | 0.9760497 |
1994–2009 | 0.9968206 | 0.0032004 | 0.321 | 0.9905677 | 1.003113 |
2.4. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Time Trends in Males
3.2. Firearms Regulations and Fatality Trends in Males
Manner of intent a Period b | Coefficient | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Firearm unintentional deaths (accidents), total (N = 158) | ||||
1969–1985 | −0.0550193 | −0.0907301 | −0.0193085 | 0.003 |
1986–1989 | 0.1461056 | −0.0412672 | 0.3334784 | 0.126 |
1990–1999 | −0.2324301 | −0.472747 | 0.0078867 | 0.058 |
2000–2002 b | (−0.3371303) | (−1.037047) | (0.3627868) | (0.345) |
2003–2009 b | (0.7081521) | (−0.2968702) | (1.713174) | (0.167) |
Firearm homicide, total (N = 276) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0578923 | 0.0208273 | 0.0949572 | 0.002 |
1986–1989 | −0.0232726 | −0.1657028 | 0.1191575 | 0.749 |
1990–1999 | −0.0772099 | 0.2358867 | 0.0814669 | 0.340 |
2000–2002 | 0.1589736 | 0.0784515 | 0 .3963986 | 0.189 |
2003–2009 | −0.3724417 | 0.6899734 | 0.0549099 | 0.022 |
Non-firearm homicide, total (N = 767) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0437596 | 0.0237466 | 0.0637726 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.0671237 | 0.150988 | 0.0167407 | 0.117 |
1990–1999 | −0.0239643 | −0.122405 | 0.0744764 | 0.633 |
2000–2002 | −0.0007202 | −0.1646331 | 0.1631928 | 0.993 |
2003–2009 | 0.0442818 | −0.1660476 | 0.2546112 | 0.680 |
Firearm suicide, total (N = 4,863) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0527137 | 0.0445683 | 0.060859 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.0454937 | −0.0781764 | −0.0128109 | 0.006 |
1990–1999 | −0.0717356 | −0.1095559 | −0.0339152 | <0.001 |
2000–2002 | 0.0171065 | −0.048344 | 0.082557 | 0.608 |
2003–2009 | 0.0206193 | −0.0649099 | 0.1061486 | 0.637 |
Non-firearm suicide, total (N = 10,756) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0299268 | 0.0242818 | 0.0355718 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.0359562 | −0.0599087 | −0.0120037 | 0.003 |
1990–1999 | −0.0023273 | −0.0297866 | 0.0251319 | 0.868 |
2000–2002 | −0.0139944 | −0.0535758 | 0.025587 | 0.488 |
2003–2009 | 0.0250989 | −0.023887 | 0.0740847 | 0.315 |
Firearm suicide ages 15–34 years (n = 1,735) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0809667 | 0.0667928 | 0.0951406 | <0.001 |
1986–989 | −0.081786 | −0.1339045 | −0.0296674 | 0.002 |
1990–1999 | −0.0781945 | −0.1381938 | −0.0181952 | 0.011 |
2000–2002 | −0.0676003 | −0.1895144 | 0.0543137 | 0.277 |
2003–2009 | 0.1145374 | −0.0556891 | 0.2847638 | 0.187 |
Non-firearm suicide ages 15–34 years (n = 3,494) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0513084 | 0.0404997 | 0.0621171 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.0825061 | −0.1252112 | −0.0398011 | <0.001 |
1990–1999 | 0.0566463 | 0.0087228 | 0.1045699 | 0.021 |
2000–2002 | −0.0410032 | −0.1064668 | 0.0244605 | 0.220 |
2003–2009 | −0.0085112 | −0.0899689 | 0.0729464 | 0.838 |
Firearm suicide ages 35–64 years (n = 2,250) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0267295 | 0.0154617 | 0.0379973 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.0392455 | −0.0884941 | 0.010003 | 0.118 |
1990–1999 | −0.0478289 | −0.1060463 | 0.0103885 | 0.107 |
2000–2002 | 0.0276482 | −0.0686607 | 0.1239571 | 0.574 |
2003–2009 | 0.0110557 | −0.1117119 | 0.1338234 | 0.860 |
Non-firearm suicide ages 35–54 years (n = 5,336) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0179062 | 0.0102051 | 0.0256072 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.0364527 | −0.0706378 | −0.0022675 | 0.037 |
1990–1999 | −0.003869 | −0.0437166 | 0.0359786 | 0.849 |
2000–2002 | 0.0151949 | −0.0423643 | 0.0727542 | 0.605 |
2003–2009 | 0.0215505 | −0.0483767 | 0.0914776 | 0.546 |
Firearm suicide ages 65+ (n = 850) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0504112 | 0.0282675 | 0.0725548 | <0.001 |
1986–1989 | −0.009857 | −0.0932206 | 0.0735066 | 0.817 |
1990–1999 | −0.0725788 | −0.1644605 | 0.0193029 | 0.122 |
2000–2002 | 0.0555168 | −0.0819672 | 0.1930007 | 0.429 |
2003–2009 | −0.0589224 | −0.2313264 | 0.1134816 | 0.503 |
Non-firearm suicide ages 65+ (n = 1,836) | ||||
1969–1985 | 0.0084429 | −0.0047017 | 0.0215875 | 0.208 |
1986–1989 | 0.0308715 | −0.0250377 | 0.0867808 | 0.279 |
1990–1999 | −0.066876 | −0.1307883 | −0.0029636 | 0.040 |
2000–2002 | −0.0571535 | −0.1592739 | 0.0449668 | 0.273 |
2003–2009 | 0.0967007 | −0.0349453 | 0.2283467 | 0.150 |
3.3. Firearm Types
Type of firearm ICD-10 categories a | Firearm discharge by external cause (intent) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Accidental | Suicide | Homicide | Undetermined intent | |
Total 100% (N) | 100 (1,513) | 100 (17) | 100 (1,365) | 100 (127) | (4) |
Handgun discharge | 12.9 (195) | (3) | 11.6 (158) | 25.2 (32) | (2) |
Rifle, shotgun, and larger firearm | 42.5 (643) | (8) | 43.4 (592) | 33.1 (42) | (1) |
Other and unspecified firearms | 44.6 (675) | (6) | 45.1 (615) | 41.7 (53) | (1) |
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Gjertsen, F.; Leenaars, A.; Vollrath, M.E. Mixed Impact of Firearms Restrictions on Fatal Firearm Injuries in Males: A National Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 487-506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100487
Gjertsen F, Leenaars A, Vollrath ME. Mixed Impact of Firearms Restrictions on Fatal Firearm Injuries in Males: A National Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(1):487-506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100487
Chicago/Turabian StyleGjertsen, Finn, Antoon Leenaars, and Margarete E. Vollrath. 2014. "Mixed Impact of Firearms Restrictions on Fatal Firearm Injuries in Males: A National Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 1: 487-506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100487
APA StyleGjertsen, F., Leenaars, A., & Vollrath, M. E. (2014). Mixed Impact of Firearms Restrictions on Fatal Firearm Injuries in Males: A National Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(1), 487-506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100487