Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
3. Results and Discussion
Metals | Mean (μg·g−1) | Std. Deviation | Range |
---|---|---|---|
As | 0.17 | 0.06 | LOD–0.40 |
Cd | 0.86 | 0.23 | LOD–3.10 |
Cr (N = 310) | 2.35 | 0.86 | 0.60–7.50 |
Ni | 2.21 | 0.54 | 0.60–4.40 |
Pb (N = 310) | 0.44 | 0.24 | LOD–2.40 |
Pb | Cd | As | Ni | Cr | ||
Pb | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.187 ** | 0.075 | 0.107 | 0.046 |
Cd | Pearson Correlation | 0.187 ** | 1 | 0.088 | 0.136 * | 0.081 |
As | Pearson Correlation | 0.075 | 0.088 | 1 | −0.114 * | 0.021 |
Ni | Pearson Correlation | 0.107 | 0.136 * | −0.114 * | 1 | 0.597 ** |
Cr | Pearson Correlation | 0.046 | 0.081 | 0.021 | 0.597 ** | 1 |
Philip Morris | ||||||
Pb | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.108 | 0.225 * | 0.130 | 0.095 |
Cd | Pearson Correlation | 0.108 | 1 | −0.045 | 0.135 | −0.177 |
As | Pearson Correlation | 0.225 * | −0.045 | 1 | −0.095 | −0.004 |
Ni | Pearson Correlation | 0.130 | 0.135 | −0.095 | 1 | 0.522 ** |
Cr | Pearson Correlation | 0.095 | −0.177 | −0.004 | 0.522 ** | 1 |
R.J. Reynolds | ||||||
Pb | Pearson Correlation | 1 | −0.017 | 0.090 | 0.190 * | −0.060 |
Cd | Pearson Correlation | −0.017 | 1 | −0.037 | −0.217 * | −0.103 |
As | Pearson Correlation | 0.090 | −0.037 | 1 | 0.060 | 0.095 |
Ni | Pearson Correlation | 0.190 * | −0.217 * | 0.060 | 1 | 0.546 ** |
Cr | Pearson Correlation | −0.060 | −0.103 | 0.095 | 0.546 ** | 1 |
Other | ||||||
Pb | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.275 ** | −0.043 | 0.115 | 0.112 |
Cd | Pearson Correlation | 0.275 ** | 1 | 0.268 * | 0.236 * | 0.291 ** |
As | Pearson Correlation | −0.043 | 0.268 * | 1 | −0.172 | 0.080 |
Ni | Pearson Correlation | 0.115 | 0.236 * | −0.172 | 1 | 0.565 ** |
Cr | Pearson Correlation | 0.112 | 0.291 ** | 0.080 | 0.565 ** | 1 |
Pack Number | Pack Name |
---|---|
12 | Doral Ultra Light |
27 | Doral Menthol 100 |
42 | Misty Menthol Green 120 |
54 | Natural American Spirit Light |
61 | Basic Light |
69 | Marlboro Light |
71 | Marlboro Ultra Light 100 |
74 | Benson and Hedges Menthol 100 |
81 | Marlboro Light 100 |
82 | Basic Light |
85 | Marlboro Light |
100 | Marlboro Light 100 |
106 | Basic Light |
112 | Marlboro Ultra Light |
115 | Basic Ultra Light 100 |
118 | Marlboro Light 100 |
129 | Montclair Ultra Light |
144 | Poker Light 100 |
170 | Virginia Slims Luxury Ultra Light 120 |
184 | Main Street Menthol Light 100 |
214 | Marlboro Ultra Light 100 |
216 | Marlboro |
222 | Marlboro 100 |
246 | Eve Ultra Light Slim 120 |
255 | Ace Menthol Light 100 |
267 | Merit Ultra Light |
269 | Marlboro King |
273 | disCOUNT Full Flavor 100 |
320 | USA Gold FF 100 |
As | Cd | Cr | Ni | Pb | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
(Intercept) | 0.347 | 0.0601 | <0.001 | 0.243 | 0.216 | 0.261 | −0.237 | 0.4311 | 0.583 | 1.92 | 0.5234 | <0.001 | −0.504 | 0.3838 | 0.189 |
Other Manufacturer | 0.003 | 0.0097 | 0.791 | −0.022 | 0.04 | 0.586 | −0.112 | 0.0571 | 0.05 | −0.277 | 0.0961 | 0.004 | 0.026 | 0.0736 | 0.720 |
RJR | 0.028 | 0.0151 | 0.06 | 0.111 | 0.0461 | 0.017 | 0.206 | 0.0519 | <0.001 | 0.628 | 0.1609 | <0.001 | 0.075 | 0.102 | 0.463 |
PMUSA | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||||||
Menthol | −0.005 | 0.01 | 0.612 | 0.008 | 0.0335 | 0.818 | −0.051 | 0.0506 | 0.318 | 0.001 | 0.0991 | 0.99 | 0.197 | 0.1184 | 0.096 |
Nonmenthol | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||||||
Light/Mild descriptor | 0.006 | 0.0098 | 0.528 | 0.041 | 0.037 | 0.264 | −0.039 | 0.0416 | 0.347 | −0.402 | 0.1723 | 0.02 | −0.003 | 0.073 | 0.966 |
No descriptor | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||||||
Per cigarette dry weight (g) | 0.014 | 0.0636 | 0.822 | −0.2 | 0.2835 | 0.48 | −0.249 | 0.2655 | 0.348 | −0.638 | 0.4666 | 0.171 | 0.564 | 0.6339 | 0.374 |
% moisture | −0.013 | 0.0036 | <0.001 | −0.02 | 0.0189 | 0.29 | 0.081 | 0.0279 | 0.004 | 0.057 | 0.0339 | 0.093 | −0.049 | 0.0336 | 0.142 |
(Scale) | 0.005 | 0.056 | 0.662 | 0.271 | 0.059 |
% Transfer Range | Median Potential Daily Exposure (IQR) | Range | Cal OEHHA (μg/day, inhalation NSRL a) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
As | 0–7% | 0.06 μg (0.05) | 0–0.24 | 0.06 μg/day |
Cd | 7%–22% | 1.36 μg (0.77) | 0.46–6.48 | 0.05 μg/day |
Cr | 0.43%–1.74% | 0.26 μg (0.18) | 0.06–1.11 | 0.001 μg/day Cr(VI) |
Ni | 0.1%–2.4% | 0.30 μg (0.15) | 0.07–1.19 | – |
Pb | 0.16%–6.3% | 0.14 μg (0.10) | 0–1.58 | 0.5 μg/day (MADL) |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Caruso, R.V.; O'Connor, R.J.; Stephens, W.E.; Cummings, K.M.; Fong, G.T. Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 202-217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100202
Caruso RV, O'Connor RJ, Stephens WE, Cummings KM, Fong GT. Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(1):202-217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100202
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaruso, Rosalie V., Richard J. O'Connor, W. Edryd Stephens, K. Michael Cummings, and Geoffrey T. Fong. 2014. "Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 1: 202-217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100202