Comparative Analyses of Fucoidans from South African Brown Seaweeds That Inhibit Adhesion, Migration, and Long-Term Survival of Colorectal Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Fucoidan Yield
2.2. Structural Analysis of Fucoidans
2.2.1. FTIR Analysis
2.2.2. Proton NMR Analysis of Extracted Fucoidans
2.2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Fucoidans
2.3. Composition of Fucoidans
2.4. Fucoidans’ Cytotoxicity to HCT116 Cancer Cells
2.4.1. The Effect of Fucoidans on HCT116 Colony Formation
2.4.2. Fucoidans Inhibit the 2D Migration of HCT116 Cancer Cells
2.4.3. Fucoidans Inhibit HCT116 3D Spheroid Migration
2.4.4. Fucoidans Disrupt Cancer Cell Sphere Formation
2.4.5. Fucoidans Inhibit HCT116 Cell Adhesion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling and Seaweed Processing
3.2. Hot Water Extraction
3.3. Structural Validation of Extracted Fucoidans
3.3.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) Analysis
3.3.2. NMR Spectroscopy Analysis
3.3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.4. Chemical Characterisation of Fucoidans
3.5. Determination of Fucoidans Molecular Weights by HPLC
3.6. Cell Culture
3.7. Cytotoxicity Screening
3.8. Clonogenic Assay
3.9. Wound Healing Assay
3.10. Sphere-Based Tumour Migration Assays
3.11. Cell Adhesion Assays
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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w/w % ± SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Component | E. maxima | E. radiata | S. elegans | F. vesiculosus |
Total carbohydrates a | 72.8 ± 5.2 | 88 ± 7.4 | 44.4 ± 6.2 | 41.3 ± 9.5 |
L-fucose b | 4.56 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 8.2 ± 0.4 |
D-glucose b | 8.1 ± 3.4 | 7.1 ± 2.3 | 5.7 ± 1.7 | 5.1 ± 2.1 |
D-galactose b | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 1.83 |
D-mannose b | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 |
Total sulphates c | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 8.8 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 14.7 ± 2.3 |
Total phenolics d | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 0 ± 0.04 |
Uronic acids e | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.8 |
Total protein f | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 2.4 | 1.9 ± 0.6 |
Total ash g | 19.7 ± 0.6 | 16.0 ± 2.1 | 23.1 ± 3.5 | 20.4 ± 2.8 |
MW h | 27.4 kDa | 8.5 kDa | 74.9 kDa | 84.4 kDa |
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Mabate, B.; Daub, C.D.; Pletschke, B.I.; Edkins, A.L. Comparative Analyses of Fucoidans from South African Brown Seaweeds That Inhibit Adhesion, Migration, and Long-Term Survival of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mar. Drugs 2023, 21, 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040203
Mabate B, Daub CD, Pletschke BI, Edkins AL. Comparative Analyses of Fucoidans from South African Brown Seaweeds That Inhibit Adhesion, Migration, and Long-Term Survival of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Marine Drugs. 2023; 21(4):203. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040203
Chicago/Turabian StyleMabate, Blessing, Chantal Désirée Daub, Brett Ivan Pletschke, and Adrienne Lesley Edkins. 2023. "Comparative Analyses of Fucoidans from South African Brown Seaweeds That Inhibit Adhesion, Migration, and Long-Term Survival of Colorectal Cancer Cells" Marine Drugs 21, no. 4: 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040203