Critical Success Factors and Traceability Technologies for Establishing a Safe Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The State of the Literature
1.2. Review Objectives
- (i)
- Review the application of traceability technologies in various PSC phases to detect and solve counterfeit issues;
- (ii)
- Analyze the various barriers affecting the establishment of a safe PSC and the critical success factors for overcoming these barriers; and
- (iii)
- Develop a conceptual framework and guidelines to demonstrate the influence of traceability technologies and success factors on overcoming the various barriers in different phases of the PSC.
2. Materials and Framework
2.1. Review Methodology
2.1.1. Literature Identification and Collection
2.1.2. Literature Categorization
2.1.3. Literature Analysis, Evaluation, and Implications
3. Pharmaceutical Supply Chains
3.1. Issues of Counterfeit Medicines in the Legitimate PSC
3.2. Traceability Technologies in Various Phases of the PSC
3.2.1. Definition of Traceability
3.2.2. Phases and Technologies
3.3. Barriers to Establishing a Safe Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
3.4. Critical Success Factors for Achieving a Safe Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
- a.
- Culture
- b.
- Trust
- c.
- Sharing information
- d.
- Cooperation
- e.
- Coordonation
4. Discussion
4.1. Conceptual Framework and Guidelines for a Safe PSC
- A PSC should be legitimate, regulated, and licensed by the health ministry or health body to supply authentic drugs to patients.
- In case of any suspicious activity concerning the packaging, pill size, color, texture, or taste compared to the previous prescription, the patient should report the matter or contact the manufacturers or the physician because these might be counterfeit medications.
- Healthcare and pharmacists can also assist patients in preventing counterfeit drugs from entering the PSC by purchasing from reliable and known sources. They can also warn patients against buying their medication online by telling them the dangers that they may encounter.
- Being cautious when shopping for medications online. Always shop in approved online pharmacies that display a Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites (VIPPS) seal. Sites without this seal often sell counterfeit drugs.
- Implementing an effective PSC security system with several protective measures.
- Recommending ways in which health authorities can detect and deal with counterfeit drugs in the industry.
- Reaching a global common understanding to create awareness of what counterfeit drugs are.
- Developing a national action plan that creates prevention and detection measures to respond to counterfeit drugs.
- Connecting and collaborating with the patients and the supply chain partners in order to provide end-to-end visibility and different business interactions;
- Closely monitoring the manufacturing process to ensure product consistency, making sure that drugs are not contaminated, because an extra substance in the manufacturing process may be life threatening to the end beneficiaries;
- Having end-to-end traceability;
- Having a quick response to a change in demand. Responding to demand changes quickly and coming up with the best solutions is important in the pharmaceutical industry; and
- Having complete inventory visibility. Drug manufacturers should ensure complete downstream inventory visibility with good shipping practices. This eventually ensures that the products are reaching their intended destination.
4.2. Overall Findings
4.3. Managerial Implications
4.4. Theoretical Implications
4.5. Limitations and Scope of Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Keywords | Search Strings | Databases |
---|---|---|
1. Traceability technologies to detect counterfeit drugs in the pharmaceutical supply chain | Traceability technologies AND Drug counterfeiting detection AND Pharmaceutical supply chain | Scopus EBSCOhost Science direct Emerald insight Taylor & Francis Online Springer search IEEE |
2. Barriers to detecting counterfeit drugs in the pharmaceutical supply chain | Barriers (OR risks) AND Drug counterfeiting detection AND Pharmaceutical supply chain | |
3. Critical success factors for detecting counterfeit drugs in the pharmaceutical supply chain | Critical success factors (OR success factors) AND Drug counterfeiting detection AND Pharmaceutical supply chain |
Authors | Suppliers of Raw Materials | Manufacturers | Packagers | Distributors/Wholesalers | Hospitals/Pharmacies | Patients | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phases | |||||||
Deisingh [40] | RFID coupled with EPC Pedigrees and mass serialization | ||||||
King and Zhang [29] | RFID | ||||||
Gautam et al. [47] | Simple barcode | ||||||
Nilsson et al. [50] | RFID | ||||||
Coustasse et al. [7] | RFID | ||||||
Sharifian et al. [49] | RFID | ||||||
Martínez et al. [52] | RFID | ||||||
Glover and Hermans [39] | Blockchain | ||||||
Schöner et al. [42] | Blockchain | ||||||
Huang et al. [43] | Blockchain | Smartphones | |||||
Klein and Stolk [48] | 2D data matrix | ||||||
Ng et al. [51] | IoT sensors coupled with RFID | ||||||
Thatcher and Acharya [54] | Blockchain | ||||||
Tseng et al. [21] | Blockchain | ||||||
Venhuis et al. [2] | Unique 2D barcodes | ||||||
Bryatov and Borodinov [25] | Blockchain | ||||||
Del Carmen León-Araujo et al. [53] | RFID | ||||||
Jamil et al. [55] | Blockchain | ||||||
Kumar et al. [44] | Blockchain | ||||||
Kumar and Tripathi [45] | Blockchain with QR | RFID | |||||
Woods and Iyengar-Emens [41] | Blockchain | ||||||
Abbas et al. [26] | Blockchain | ||||||
Singh et al. [3] | IoT sensors based Blockchain |
Barriers | References |
PSC complexity | Breen [58]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Tremblay [59]; Singh et al. [3] |
Insufficient regulation | Breen [58]; Yu et al. [6]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Tremblay [59]; Venhuis et al. [2]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Lack of visibility and transparency | Breen [58]; Yu et al. [6]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Tremblay [59]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Cost issues | Breen [58]; Yu et al. [6]; Narayana et al. [61]; Bansal et al. [4]; Coustasse et al. [7]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Kumar et al. [44]; Lee et al. [62] |
Lack of information and effective communication | Breen [58]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Tremblay [59]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Poor quality or insufficient availability of raw material | Breen [58]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Li et al. [63]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Lack of knowledge regarding the manufacturing process | Breen [58]; Narayana et al. [61]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Improper packaging | Breen [58]; Tremblay [59]; Klein and Stolk [48]; Venhuis et al. [2]; Soon and Manning [64]; Salim et al. [33] |
Improper storage | Breen [58]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Venhuis et al. [2]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Poor logistics and distributions | Breen [58]; Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Singh et al. [65] |
Patients’ lack of knowledge | Tremblay [59] |
Rise in online purchases | Mäkinen et al. [66]; Gray [67]; Leontiadis [68]; Tremblay [59]; Shaikh et al. [69] |
External influences | Jaberidoost et al. [8]; Punniyamoorthy et al. [60]; Kumar et al. [44] |
Success Factors for Ideal Traceability | Stank et al. [70] | Barratt [71] | Min et al. [72] | Doukidis et al. [73] | Fawcett et al. [74] | De Vries and Huijsman [75] | Karlsen et al. [76] | Fadlallah et al. [12] | Papert et al. [77] | Tian [78] | Khan et al. [28] | De Lima et al. [16] | Silva and Mattos [17] | Fernando [79] | Sodhi and Tang [80] | Hastig and Sodhi [81] | Rogerson and Parry [82] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collaboration and its drivers
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Visibility and transparency | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
Government support | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Quality of information/ products | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Integration and interoperability | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Stakeholder support | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Cost effectiveness | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Resource management/ training | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Data security and privacy | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Dedicated IT infrastructure | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
Decentralized system | √ |
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Haji, M.; Kerbache, L.; Sheriff, K.M.M.; Al-Ansari, T. Critical Success Factors and Traceability Technologies for Establishing a Safe Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. Methods Protoc. 2021, 4, 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps4040085
Haji M, Kerbache L, Sheriff KMM, Al-Ansari T. Critical Success Factors and Traceability Technologies for Establishing a Safe Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. Methods and Protocols. 2021; 4(4):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps4040085
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaji, Mona, Laoucine Kerbache, K.M. Mahaboob Sheriff, and Tareq Al-Ansari. 2021. "Critical Success Factors and Traceability Technologies for Establishing a Safe Pharmaceutical Supply Chain" Methods and Protocols 4, no. 4: 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps4040085