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The pavement base and subbase are the main load-bearing structures of asphalt pavement, and their materials need to have sufficient bearing capacity. Therefore, in the development of LSAM-50 mixtures with higher bearing capacity, after significant research and engineering practice, conventional particle size asphalt mixtures have formed their own excellent mineral gradation and have been incorporated into relevant specifications, while LSAM-50 mixtures, including mineral gradation, have not been involved in related research and engineering applications. According to the strength composition mechanism of asphalt mixtures, under the same circumstances of asphalt, due to the large nominal maximum particle size of LSAM-50 and the small amount of asphalt used, the strength of mineral grading is more important than that of asphalt, which is one of the key issues to be solved in the research of LSAM-50 mixtures. This study aims to enhance the road performance of asphalt mixtures with a maximum nominal particle size of 50 mm (LSAM-50). The variation of void ratios in coarse aggregate skeletons was investigated when aggregates of 37.5–53 mm (designated as D1), 19–37.5 mm (designated as D2), and 9.5–19 mm (designated as D3) were mixed in different proportions. Meanwhile, the effects of fine aggregate gradation on the strength of asphalt mortar and the influence of the ratio of coarse to fine aggregates on the mechanical strength of LSAM-50 were examined. A densely graded structure with strong interlocking for LSAM-50 was proposed, and its road performance was verified. The results indicate that when the ratio of D1, D2, and D3 is 5:2:3, the void ratio of the mixed coarse aggregate is minimized. When the decrement factor i is 0.75, the compressive strength and splitting strength of asphalt mortar reach their maxima. Compared with the densely graded asphalt-stabilized aggregate mixture (ATB-30) with a maximum nominal particle size of 37.5 mm, the dynamic stability of LSAM-50 with the proposed gradation is increased by 400%, the low-temperature bending strain by 3%, the SCB bending strength by 47%, and the residual SCB strength by 90%. Full article